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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1999-07-10
    Description: Endotoxin, a constituent of Gram-negative bacteria, stimulates macrophages to release large quantities of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), which can precipitate tissue injury and lethal shock (endotoxemia). Antagonists of TNF and IL-1 have shown limited efficacy in clinical trials, possibly because these cytokines are early mediators in pathogenesis. Here a potential late mediator of lethality is identified and characterized in a mouse model. High mobility group-1 (HMG-1) protein was found to be released by cultured macrophages more than 8 hours after stimulation with endotoxin, TNF, or IL-1. Mice showed increased serum levels of HMG-1 from 8 to 32 hours after endotoxin exposure. Delayed administration of antibodies to HMG-1 attenuated endotoxin lethality in mice, and administration of HMG-1 itself was lethal. Septic patients who succumbed to infection had increased serum HMG-1 levels, suggesting that this protein warrants investigation as a therapeutic target.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, H -- Bloom, O -- Zhang, M -- Vishnubhakat, J M -- Ombrellino, M -- Che, J -- Frazier, A -- Yang, H -- Ivanova, S -- Borovikova, L -- Manogue, K R -- Faist, E -- Abraham, E -- Andersson, J -- Andersson, U -- Molina, P E -- Abumrad, N N -- Sama, A -- Tracey, K J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 9;285(5425):248-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Emergency Medicine and Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital-New York University School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA. hwang@picower.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10398600" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteremia/*blood ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/immunology/*metabolism/toxicity ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Endotoxemia/*blood ; Endotoxins/blood/*toxicity ; HMGB1 Protein ; High Mobility Group Proteins/genetics/immunology/*metabolism/toxicity ; Humans ; Immune Sera/immunology ; Immunization, Passive ; Interferon-gamma/pharmacology ; Interleukin-1/pharmacology ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism ; Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity ; Macrophages/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C3H ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Time Factors ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2008-12-19
    Description: Several neurotransmitters act through G-protein-coupled receptors to evoke a 'slow' excitation of neurons. These include peptides, such as substance P and neurotensin, as well as acetylcholine and noradrenaline. Unlike the fast (approximately millisecond) ionotropic actions of small-molecule neurotransmitters, the slow excitation is not well understood at the molecular level, but can be mainly attributed to suppressing K(+) currents and/or activating a non-selective cation channel. The molecular identity of this cation channel has yet to be determined; similarly, how the channel is activated and its relative contribution to neuronal excitability induced by the neuropeptides are unknown. Here we show that, in the mouse hippocampal and ventral tegmental area neurons, substance P and neurotensin activate a channel complex containing NALCN and a large previously unknown protein UNC-80. The activation by substance P through TACR1 (a G-protein-coupled receptor for substance P) occurs by means of a unique mechanism: it does not require G-protein activation but is dependent on Src family kinases. These findings identify NALCN as the cation channel activated by substance P receptor, and suggest that UNC-80 and Src family kinases, rather than a G protein, are involved in the coupling from receptor to channel.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2810458/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2810458/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lu, Boxun -- Su, Yanhua -- Das, Sudipto -- Wang, Haikun -- Wang, Yan -- Liu, Jin -- Ren, Dejian -- R01 NS055293/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS055293-01A1/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Feb 5;457(7230):741-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07579. Epub 2008 Dec 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 415 S. University Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19092807" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Electric Conductivity ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins ; Hippocampus/cytology ; Humans ; Ion Channels/agonists/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/agonists/genetics/*metabolism ; Neurons/metabolism ; Neurotensin/pharmacology ; Neurotransmitter Agents/*pharmacology ; Receptors, Neurokinin-1/metabolism ; Substance P/pharmacology ; Transfection ; Ventral Tegmental Area/cytology ; src-Family Kinases/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2008-09-06
    Description: The canonical Wnt-beta-catenin signaling pathway is initiated by inducing phosphorylation of one of the Wnt receptors, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), at threonine residue 1479 (Thr1479) and serine residue 1490 (Ser1490). By screening a human kinase small interfering RNA library, we identified phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type II alpha and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase type I (PIP5KI) as required for Wnt3a-induced LRP6 phosphorylation at Ser1490 in mammalian cells and confirmed that these kinases are important for Wnt signaling in Xenopus embryos. Wnt3a stimulates the formation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphates [PtdIns (4,5)P2] through frizzled and dishevelled, the latter of which directly interacted with and activated PIP5KI. In turn, PtdIns (4,5)P2 regulated phosphorylation of LRP6 at Thr1479 and Ser1490. Therefore, our study reveals a signaling mechanism for Wnt to regulate LRP6 phosphorylation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2532521/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2532521/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pan, Weijun -- Choi, Sun-Cheol -- Wang, He -- Qin, Yuanbo -- Volpicelli-Daley, Laura -- Swan, Laura -- Lucast, Louise -- Khoo, Cynthia -- Zhang, Xiaowu -- Li, Lin -- Abrams, Charles S -- Sokol, Sergei Y -- Wu, Dianqing -- AR051476/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- CA132317/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DA018343/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- HL080706/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- NS36251/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P30 DA018343/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR051476/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR051476-01A1/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR051476-02/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR051476-03/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA132317/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA132317-01A2/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA139395/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Sep 5;321(5894):1350-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1160741.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18772438" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism ; Animals ; Axin Protein ; Cell Line ; Frizzled Receptors/metabolism ; Humans ; LDL-Receptor Related Proteins/*metabolism ; Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-6 ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate/*metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/metabolism ; Serine/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Threonine/metabolism ; Wnt Proteins/*metabolism ; Wnt3 Protein ; Wnt3A Protein ; Xenopus/embryology ; Xenopus Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-04-09
    Description: Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) are essential factors in messenger RNA splicing. By means of homozygosity mapping and deep sequencing, we show that a gene encoding U4atac snRNA, a component of the minor U12-dependent spliceosome, is mutated in individuals with microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type I (MOPD I), a severe developmental disorder characterized by extreme intrauterine growth retardation and multiple organ abnormalities. Functional assays showed that mutations (30G〉A, 51G〉A, 55G〉A, and 111G〉A) associated with MOPD I cause defective U12-dependent splicing. Endogenous U12-dependent but not U2-dependent introns were found to be poorly spliced in MOPD I patient fibroblast cells. The introduction of wild-type U4atac snRNA into MOPD I cells enhanced U12-dependent splicing. These results illustrate the critical role of minor intron splicing in human development.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3380448/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3380448/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉He, Huiling -- Liyanarachchi, Sandya -- Akagi, Keiko -- Nagy, Rebecca -- Li, Jingfeng -- Dietrich, Rosemary C -- Li, Wei -- Sebastian, Nikhil -- Wen, Bernard -- Xin, Baozhong -- Singh, Jarnail -- Yan, Pearlly -- Alder, Hansjuerg -- Haan, Eric -- Wieczorek, Dagmar -- Albrecht, Beate -- Puffenberger, Erik -- Wang, Heng -- Westman, Judith A -- Padgett, Richard A -- Symer, David E -- de la Chapelle, Albert -- GM079527/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM093074/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA16058/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM079527/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM079527-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM093074/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM093074-01A1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 8;332(6026):238-40. doi: 10.1126/science.1200587.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Human Cancer Genetics Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21474760" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics ; Dwarfism/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Fetal Growth Retardation/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; Introns ; Inverted Repeat Sequences ; Male ; Microcephaly/genetics/metabolism ; *Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Osteochondrodysplasias/genetics/metabolism ; Pedigree ; *RNA Splicing ; RNA, Small Nuclear/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Spliceosomes/*genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1997-11-05
    Description: The carboxyl-terminal domain, residues 146 to 231, of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) capsid protein [CA(146-231)] is required for capsid dimerization and viral assembly. This domain contains a stretch of 20 residues, called the major homology region (MHR), which is conserved across retroviruses and is essential for viral assembly, maturation, and infectivity. The crystal structures of CA(146-231) and CA(151-231) reveal that the globular domain is composed of four helices and an extended amino-terminal strand. CA(146-231) dimerizes through parallel packing of helix 2 across a dyad. The MHR is distinct from the dimer interface and instead forms an intricate hydrogen-bonding network that interconnects strand 1 and helices 1 and 2. Alignment of the CA(146-231) dimer with the crystal structure of the capsid amino-terminal domain provides a model for the intact protein and extends models for assembly of the central conical core of HIV-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gamble, T R -- Yoo, S -- Vajdos, F F -- von Schwedler, U K -- Worthylake, D K -- Wang, H -- McCutcheon, J P -- Sundquist, W I -- Hill, C P -- R01 AI40333/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI43036/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 31;278(5339):849-53.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9346481" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Capsid/*chemistry/genetics ; Cell Line ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cloning, Organism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; HIV-1/*chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Peptidylprolyl Isomerase/chemistry ; *Protein Conformation ; Virus Replication
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2006-03-25
    Description: Innate immunity against bacterial and fungal pathogens is mediated by Toll and immune deficiency (Imd) pathways, but little is known about the antiviral response in Drosophila. Here, we demonstrate that an RNA interference pathway protects adult flies from infection by two evolutionarily diverse viruses. Our work also describes a molecular framework for the viral immunity, in which viral double-stranded RNA produced during infection acts as the pathogen trigger whereas Drosophila Dicer-2 and Argonaute-2 act as host sensor and effector, respectively. These findings establish a Drosophila model for studying the innate immunity against viruses in animals.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1509097/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1509097/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Xiao-Hong -- Aliyari, Roghiyh -- Li, Wan-Xiang -- Li, Hong-Wei -- Kim, Kevin -- Carthew, Richard -- Atkinson, Peter -- Ding, Shou-Wei -- AI052447/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI052447/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM068743/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 21;312(5772):452-4. Epub 2006 Mar 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate Program for Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16556799" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Argonaute Proteins ; Cell Line ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/metabolism/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/embryology/genetics/*immunology/*virology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/immunology/virology ; Escherichia coli/physiology ; *Immunity, Innate ; Insect Viruses/genetics/*physiology ; Micrococcus luteus/physiology ; Mutation ; Nodaviridae/*physiology ; RNA Helicases/genetics/metabolism ; *RNA Interference ; RNA Viruses/genetics/physiology ; RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism ; RNA, Viral/genetics/metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/physiology ; RNA-Induced Silencing Complex/genetics/physiology ; Ribonuclease III ; Signal Transduction ; Toll-Like Receptors/physiology ; Transfection ; Virus Replication
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2012-07-18
    Description: The inflammasome regulates the release of caspase activation-dependent cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-18 and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). By studying HMGB1 release mechanisms, here we identify a role for double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR, also known as EIF2AK2) in inflammasome activation. Exposure of macrophages to inflammasome agonists induced PKR autophosphorylation. PKR inactivation by genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition severely impaired inflammasome activation in response to double-stranded RNA, ATP, monosodium urate, adjuvant aluminium, rotenone, live Escherichia coli, anthrax lethal toxin, DNA transfection and Salmonella typhimurium infection. PKR deficiency significantly inhibited the secretion of IL-1beta, IL-18 and HMGB1 in E. coli-induced peritonitis. PKR physically interacts with several inflammasome components, including NOD-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), NLRP1, NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 4 (NLRC4), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), and broadly regulates inflammasome activation. PKR autophosphorylation in a cell-free system with recombinant NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC, also known as PYCARD) and pro-caspase-1 reconstitutes inflammasome activity. These results show a crucial role for PKR in inflammasome activation, and indicate that it should be possible to pharmacologically target this molecule to treat inflammation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4163918/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4163918/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lu, Ben -- Nakamura, Takahisa -- Inouye, Karen -- Li, Jianhua -- Tang, Yiting -- Lundback, Peter -- Valdes-Ferrer, Sergio I -- Olofsson, Peder S -- Kalb, Thomas -- Roth, Jesse -- Zou, Yongrui -- Erlandsson-Harris, Helena -- Yang, Huan -- Ting, Jenny P-Y -- Wang, Haichao -- Andersson, Ulf -- Antoine, Daniel J -- Chavan, Sangeeta S -- Hotamisligil, Gokhan S -- Tracey, Kevin J -- DK052539/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- G0700654/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- R01 DK052539/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM057226/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM062508/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM62508/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Aug 30;488(7413):670-4. doi: 10.1038/nature11290.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA. blu@nshs.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22801494" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Antigens, Bacterial/pharmacology ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism ; Bacterial Toxins/pharmacology ; CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins/metabolism ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Crystallins/metabolism ; Escherichia coli/immunology/physiology ; Escherichia coli Infections/immunology/metabolism ; Female ; HMGB1 Protein/blood/*secretion ; Humans ; Inflammasomes/agonists/*metabolism ; Interleukin-18/blood ; Interleukin-1beta/blood ; Interleukin-6/analysis/blood ; Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects/metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Peritonitis/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; RNA, Double-Stranded/immunology/pharmacology ; Rotenone/pharmacology ; Salmonella Infections/immunology/metabolism ; Salmonella typhimurium/immunology/physiology ; Transfection ; Uric Acid/pharmacology ; eIF-2 Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2012-09-08
    Description: Eukaryotic cells make many types of primary and processed RNAs that are found either in specific subcellular compartments or throughout the cells. A complete catalogue of these RNAs is not yet available and their characteristic subcellular localizations are also poorly understood. Because RNA represents the direct output of the genetic information encoded by genomes and a significant proportion of a cell's regulatory capabilities are focused on its synthesis, processing, transport, modification and translation, the generation of such a catalogue is crucial for understanding genome function. Here we report evidence that three-quarters of the human genome is capable of being transcribed, as well as observations about the range and levels of expression, localization, processing fates, regulatory regions and modifications of almost all currently annotated and thousands of previously unannotated RNAs. These observations, taken together, prompt a redefinition of the concept of a gene.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684276/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684276/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Djebali, Sarah -- Davis, Carrie A -- Merkel, Angelika -- Dobin, Alex -- Lassmann, Timo -- Mortazavi, Ali -- Tanzer, Andrea -- Lagarde, Julien -- Lin, Wei -- Schlesinger, Felix -- Xue, Chenghai -- Marinov, Georgi K -- Khatun, Jainab -- Williams, Brian A -- Zaleski, Chris -- Rozowsky, Joel -- Roder, Maik -- Kokocinski, Felix -- Abdelhamid, Rehab F -- Alioto, Tyler -- Antoshechkin, Igor -- Baer, Michael T -- Bar, Nadav S -- Batut, Philippe -- Bell, Kimberly -- Bell, Ian -- Chakrabortty, Sudipto -- Chen, Xian -- Chrast, Jacqueline -- Curado, Joao -- Derrien, Thomas -- Drenkow, Jorg -- Dumais, Erica -- Dumais, Jacqueline -- Duttagupta, Radha -- Falconnet, Emilie -- Fastuca, Meagan -- Fejes-Toth, Kata -- Ferreira, Pedro -- Foissac, Sylvain -- Fullwood, Melissa J -- Gao, Hui -- Gonzalez, David -- Gordon, Assaf -- Gunawardena, Harsha -- Howald, Cedric -- Jha, Sonali -- Johnson, Rory -- Kapranov, Philipp -- King, Brandon -- Kingswood, Colin -- Luo, Oscar J -- Park, Eddie -- Persaud, Kimberly -- Preall, Jonathan B -- Ribeca, Paolo -- Risk, Brian -- Robyr, Daniel -- Sammeth, Michael -- Schaffer, Lorian -- See, Lei-Hoon -- Shahab, Atif -- Skancke, Jorgen -- Suzuki, Ana Maria -- Takahashi, Hazuki -- Tilgner, Hagen -- Trout, Diane -- Walters, Nathalie -- Wang, Huaien -- Wrobel, John -- Yu, Yanbao -- Ruan, Xiaoan -- Hayashizaki, Yoshihide -- Harrow, Jennifer -- Gerstein, Mark -- Hubbard, Tim -- Reymond, Alexandre -- Antonarakis, Stylianos E -- Hannon, Gregory -- Giddings, Morgan C -- Ruan, Yijun -- Wold, Barbara -- Carninci, Piero -- Guigo, Roderic -- Gingeras, Thomas R -- 062023/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 1RC2HG005591/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- 249968/European Research Council/International -- P30 CA045508/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG003700/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01HG003700/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM062534/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- RC2 HG005591/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG003147/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG004555/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG004557/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG004558/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG004576/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG007004/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54HG004555/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54HG004557/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54HG004558/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54HG004576/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Sep 6;489(7414):101-8. doi: 10.1038/nature11233.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Genomic Regulation and UPF, Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22955620" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Cell Line ; DNA/*genetics ; DNA, Intergenic/genetics ; *Encyclopedias as Topic ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Exons/genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genes/genetics ; Genome, Human/*genetics ; Genomics ; Humans ; *Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Polyadenylation/genetics ; Protein Isoforms/genetics ; RNA/biosynthesis/genetics ; RNA Editing/genetics ; RNA Splicing/genetics ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/*genetics ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Transcription, Genetic/*genetics ; Transcriptome/*genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1994-02-11
    Description: The TAFII250 subunit of the human transcription factor IID (TFIID) rescues the temperature-sensitive hamster cell line ts13 and overcomes a G1 arrest. Investigation of the transcriptional properties of ts13 nuclear extracts in vitro showed that activation by the site-specific regulators Sp1 and Gal4VP16 is temperature sensitive in ts13 extracts, whereas basal transcription remains unaffected. This transcriptional defect can be rescued by purified human TFIID or by expression of wild-type TAFII250 in ts13 cells. Expression from the cyclin A but not c-fos promoter is temperature sensitive in these mutant cells. Thus, the mutation in TAFII250 appears to have gene-specific effects that may lead to the ts13 cell cycle phenotype.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, E H -- Tjian, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Feb 11;263(5148):811-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley 94720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8303298" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Cyclins/genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Fungal Proteins/physiology ; *G1 Phase ; Genes, fos ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Genetic Vectors ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Humans ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; *Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Sp1 Transcription Factor/physiology ; *TATA-Binding Protein Associated Factors ; Temperature ; Trans-Activators/physiology ; Transcription Factor TFIID ; Transcription Factors/pharmacology ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1994-10-07
    Description: Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP) is a member of the hepatocyte growth factor-scatter factor (HGF-SF) family. Labeled MSP bound to Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells transfected with complementary DNA encoding Ron, a cell membrane protein tyrosine kinase. Cross-linking of 125I-labeled MSP to transfected cells (MDCK-RE7 cells) and immunoprecipitation by antibodies to Ron revealed a 220-kilodalton complex, a size consistent with that of MSP (80 kilodaltons) cross-linked to the beta chain of Ron (150 kilodaltons). The binding of 125I-labeled MSP to MDCK-RE7 cells was inhibited by unlabeled MSP, but not by HGF-SF. MSP caused phosphorylation of the beta chain of Ron and induced migration of MDCK-RE7 cells. These results establish the ron gene product as a specific cell-surface receptor for MSP.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, M H -- Ronsin, C -- Gesnel, M C -- Coupey, L -- Skeel, A -- Leonard, E J -- Breathnach, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Oct 7;266(5182):117-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Immunopathology Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, MD 21702.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7939629" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Binding, Competitive ; Cell Line ; Cell Movement/drug effects ; Cross-Linking Reagents ; Dogs ; Growth Substances/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor/metabolism ; Humans ; Phosphorylation ; Plasminogen/metabolism ; *Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics/*metabolism ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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