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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2009-07-10
    Description: An open chromatin largely devoid of heterochromatin is a hallmark of stem cells. It remains unknown whether an open chromatin is necessary for the differentiation potential of stem cells, and which molecules are needed to maintain open chromatin. Here we show that the chromatin remodelling factor Chd1 is required to maintain the open chromatin of pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cells. Chd1 is a euchromatin protein that associates with the promoters of active genes, and downregulation of Chd1 leads to accumulation of heterochromatin. Chd1-deficient embryonic stem cells are no longer pluripotent, because they are incapable of giving rise to primitive endoderm and have a high propensity for neural differentiation. Furthermore, Chd1 is required for efficient reprogramming of fibroblasts to the pluripotent stem cell state. Our results indicate that Chd1 is essential for open chromatin and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells, and for somatic cell reprogramming to the pluripotent state.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3891576/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3891576/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gaspar-Maia, Alexandre -- Alajem, Adi -- Polesso, Fanny -- Sridharan, Rupa -- Mason, Mike J -- Heidersbach, Amy -- Ramalho-Santos, Joao -- McManus, Michael T -- Plath, Kathrin -- Meshorer, Eran -- Ramalho-Santos, Miguel -- DP2 OD004698/OD/NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM080783/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM080783-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM080783-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM080783-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM080783-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM080783-05/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Aug 13;460(7257):863-8. doi: 10.1038/nature08212. Epub 2009 Jul 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ob/Gyn and Pathology, Center for Reproductive Sciences and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143-0525, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19587682" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomarkers ; Cell Proliferation ; Cells, Cultured ; Cellular Reprogramming ; *Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly ; DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Embryonic Stem Cells/*cytology/*metabolism ; Endoderm/metabolism ; Euchromatin/genetics/*metabolism ; Fibroblasts/cytology/metabolism ; GATA6 Transcription Factor/genetics/metabolism ; Histones/metabolism ; Methylation ; Mice ; Neurogenesis ; Neurons/cytology/metabolism ; Octamer Transcription Factor-3/genetics ; Pluripotent Stem Cells/*cytology/*metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics ; RNA Interference
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2013-07-06
    Description: Many large noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate chromatin, but the mechanisms by which they localize to genomic targets remain unexplored. We investigated the localization mechanisms of the Xist lncRNA during X-chromosome inactivation (XCI), a paradigm of lncRNA-mediated chromatin regulation. During the maintenance of XCI, Xist binds broadly across the X chromosome. During initiation of XCI, Xist initially transfers to distal regions across the X chromosome that are not defined by specific sequences. Instead, Xist identifies these regions by exploiting the three-dimensional conformation of the X chromosome. Xist requires its silencing domain to spread across actively transcribed regions and thereby access the entire chromosome. These findings suggest a model in which Xist coats the X chromosome by searching in three dimensions, modifying chromosome structure, and spreading to newly accessible locations.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3778663/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3778663/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Engreitz, Jesse M -- Pandya-Jones, Amy -- McDonel, Patrick -- Shishkin, Alexander -- Sirokman, Klara -- Surka, Christine -- Kadri, Sabah -- Xing, Jeffrey -- Goren, Alon -- Lander, Eric S -- Plath, Kathrin -- Guttman, Mitchell -- 1F32GM103139-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- DP5 OD012190/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP5OD012190/OD/NIH HHS/ -- P01 GM099134/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01GM099134/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50HG006193/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 16;341(6147):1237973. doi: 10.1126/science.1237973. Epub 2013 Jul 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23828888" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Chromatin/chemistry/metabolism ; Female ; *Genome ; Male ; Mice ; Models, Genetic ; RNA, Long Noncoding/chemistry/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; X Chromosome/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; *X Chromosome Inactivation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2003-03-22
    Description: The Polycomb group (PcG) protein Eed is implicated in regulation of imprinted X-chromosome inactivation in extraembryonic cells but not of random X inactivation in embryonic cells. The Drosophila homolog of the Eed-Ezh2 PcG protein complex achieves gene silencing through methylation of histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3-K27), which suggests a role for H3-K27 methylation in imprinted X inactivation. Here we demonstrate that transient recruitment of the Eed-Ezh2 complex to the inactive X chromosome (Xi) occurs during initiation of X inactivation in both extraembryonic and embryonic cells and is accompanied by H3-K27 methylation. Recruitment of the complex and methylation on the Xi depend on Xist RNA but are independent of its silencing function. Together, our results suggest a role for Eed-Ezh2-mediated H3-K27 methylation during initiation of both imprinted and random X inactivation and demonstrate that H3-K27 methylation is not sufficient for silencing of the Xi.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Plath, Kathrin -- Fang, Jia -- Mlynarczyk-Evans, Susanna K -- Cao, Ru -- Worringer, Kathleen A -- Wang, Hengbin -- de la Cruz, Cecile C -- Otte, Arie P -- Panning, Barbara -- Zhang, Yi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 4;300(5616):131-5. Epub 2003 Mar 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12649488" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastocyst/metabolism/*physiology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; *Dosage Compensation, Genetic ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Genomic Imprinting ; HeLa Cells ; Histones/*metabolism ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Lysine/metabolism ; Male ; Methylation ; Mice ; Mutation ; Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 ; RNA, Long Noncoding ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics/metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/metabolism ; Stem Cells/metabolism/*physiology ; Transgenes ; Trophoblasts/*physiology ; X Chromosome/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2015-04-29
    Description: Many long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) affect gene expression, but the mechanisms by which they act are still largely unknown. One of the best-studied lncRNAs is Xist, which is required for transcriptional silencing of one X chromosome during development in female mammals. Despite extensive efforts to define the mechanism of Xist-mediated transcriptional silencing, we still do not know any proteins required for this role. The main challenge is that there are currently no methods to comprehensively define the proteins that directly interact with a lncRNA in the cell. Here we develop a method to purify a lncRNA from cells and identify proteins interacting with it directly using quantitative mass spectrometry. We identify ten proteins that specifically associate with Xist, three of these proteins--SHARP, SAF-A and LBR--are required for Xist-mediated transcriptional silencing. We show that SHARP, which interacts with the SMRT co-repressor that activates HDAC3, is not only essential for silencing, but is also required for the exclusion of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) from the inactive X. Both SMRT and HDAC3 are also required for silencing and Pol II exclusion. In addition to silencing transcription, SHARP and HDAC3 are required for Xist-mediated recruitment of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) across the X chromosome. Our results suggest that Xist silences transcription by directly interacting with SHARP, recruiting SMRT, activating HDAC3, and deacetylating histones to exclude Pol II across the X chromosome.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4516396/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4516396/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McHugh, Colleen A -- Chen, Chun-Kan -- Chow, Amy -- Surka, Christine F -- Tran, Christina -- McDonel, Patrick -- Pandya-Jones, Amy -- Blanco, Mario -- Burghard, Christina -- Moradian, Annie -- Sweredoski, Michael J -- Shishkin, Alexander A -- Su, Julia -- Lander, Eric S -- Hess, Sonja -- Plath, Kathrin -- Guttman, Mitchell -- 1S10RR029591-01A1/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- DP2 OD001686/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP5 OD012190/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP5OD012190/OD/NIH HHS/ -- T32GM07616/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 May 14;521(7551):232-6. doi: 10.1038/nature14443. Epub 2015 Apr 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA. ; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; 1] Department of Biological Chemistry, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA [2] Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. ; Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25915022" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Embryonic Stem Cells/enzymology/metabolism ; Female ; *Gene Silencing ; Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein U/metabolism ; Histone Deacetylases/*metabolism ; Histones/metabolism ; Male ; Mass Spectrometry/*methods ; Mice ; Nuclear Proteins/*metabolism ; Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 2/metabolism ; Polycomb Repressive Complex 2/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; RNA Polymerase II/metabolism ; RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins/analysis/metabolism ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic/*genetics ; X Chromosome/*genetics/metabolism ; X Chromosome Inactivation/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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