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  • 1
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    Sema3A regulates bone-mass accrual through sensory innervations (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-07
    Description: Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) is a diffusible axonal chemorepellent that has an important role in axon guidance. Previous studies have demonstrated that Sema3a(-/-) mice have multiple developmental defects due to abnormal neuronal innervations. Here we show in mice that Sema3A is abundantly expressed in bone, and cell-based assays showed that Sema3A affected osteoblast differentiation in a cell-autonomous fashion. Accordingly, Sema3a(-/-) mice had a low bone mass due to decreased bone formation. However, osteoblast-specific Sema3A-deficient mice (Sema3acol1(-/-) and Sema3aosx(-/-) mice) had normal bone mass, even though the expression of Sema3A in bone was substantially decreased. In contrast, mice lacking Sema3A in neurons (Sema3asynapsin(-/-) and Sema3anestin(-/-) mice) had low bone mass, similar to Sema3a(-/-) mice, indicating that neuron-derived Sema3A is responsible for the observed bone abnormalities independent of the local effect of Sema3A in bone. Indeed, the number of sensory innervations of trabecular bone was significantly decreased in Sema3asynapsin(-/-) mice, whereas sympathetic innervations of trabecular bone were unchanged. Moreover, ablating sensory nerves decreased bone mass in wild-type mice, whereas it did not reduce the low bone mass in Sema3anestin(-/-) mice further, supporting the essential role of the sensory nervous system in normal bone homeostasis. Finally, neuronal abnormalities in Sema3a(-/-) mice, such as olfactory development, were identified in Sema3asynasin(-/-) mice, demonstrating that neuron-derived Sema3A contributes to the abnormal neural development seen in Sema3a(-/-) mice, and indicating that Sema3A produced in neurons regulates neural development in an autocrine manner. This study demonstrates that Sema3A regulates bone remodelling indirectly by modulating sensory nerve development, but not directly by acting on osteoblasts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fukuda, Toru -- Takeda, Shu -- Xu, Ren -- Ochi, Hiroki -- Sunamura, Satoko -- Sato, Tsuyoshi -- Shibata, Shinsuke -- Yoshida, Yutaka -- Gu, Zirong -- Kimura, Ayako -- Ma, Chengshan -- Xu, Cheng -- Bando, Waka -- Fujita, Koji -- Shinomiya, Kenichi -- Hirai, Takashi -- Asou, Yoshinori -- Enomoto, Mitsuhiro -- Okano, Hideyuki -- Okawa, Atsushi -- Itoh, Hiroshi -- NS065048/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 May 23;497(7450):490-3. doi: 10.1038/nature12115. Epub 2013 May 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinanomachi 35, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23644455" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Bone Remodeling ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology/*innervation/*metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Organ Size ; Osteoblasts/cytology/metabolism ; Semaphorin-3A/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Sensory Receptor Cells/cytology/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Statin treatment rescues FGFR3 skeletal dysplasia phenotypes (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-19
    Description: Gain-of-function mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene (FGFR3) result in skeletal dysplasias, such as thanatophoric dysplasia and achondroplasia (ACH). The lack of disease models using human cells has hampered the identification of a clinically effective treatment for these diseases. Here we show that statin treatment can rescue patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models and a mouse model of FGFR3 skeletal dysplasia. We converted fibroblasts from thanatophoric dysplasia type I (TD1) and ACH patients into iPSCs. The chondrogenic differentiation of TD1 iPSCs and ACH iPSCs resulted in the formation of degraded cartilage. We found that statins could correct the degraded cartilage in both chondrogenically differentiated TD1 and ACH iPSCs. Treatment of ACH model mice with statin led to a significant recovery of bone growth. These results suggest that statins could represent a medical treatment for infants and children with TD1 and ACH.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yamashita, Akihiro -- Morioka, Miho -- Kishi, Hiromi -- Kimura, Takeshi -- Yahara, Yasuhito -- Okada, Minoru -- Fujita, Kaori -- Sawai, Hideaki -- Ikegawa, Shiro -- Tsumaki, Noriyuki -- England -- Nature. 2014 Sep 25;513(7519):507-11. doi: 10.1038/nature13775. Epub 2014 Sep 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cell Induction and Regulation Field, Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. ; 1] Cell Induction and Regulation Field, Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan [2] Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan. ; Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Integrated Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. ; 1] Cell Induction and Regulation Field, Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan [2] Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25231866" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Achondroplasia/*drug therapy/genetics/*pathology ; Animals ; Bone Development/drug effects ; Cartilage/cytology/drug effects/pathology ; Cell Differentiation ; Chondrocytes/cytology/pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Fluorobenzenes/administration & dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/administration & ; dosage/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology/pathology ; Lovastatin/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Phenotype ; Pyrimidines/administration & dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/*deficiency/*genetics ; Rosuvastatin Calcium ; Sulfonamides/administration & dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Thanatophoric Dysplasia/*drug therapy/genetics/*pathology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Dysfunction of lipid sensor GPR120 leads to obesity in both mouse and human (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Description: Free fatty acids provide an important energy source as nutrients, and act as signalling molecules in various cellular processes. Several G-protein-coupled receptors have been identified as free-fatty-acid receptors important in physiology as well as in several diseases. GPR120 (also known as O3FAR1) functions as a receptor for unsaturated long-chain free fatty acids and has a critical role in various physiological homeostasis mechanisms such as adipogenesis, regulation of appetite and food preference. Here we show that GPR120-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet develop obesity, glucose intolerance and fatty liver with decreased adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis and enhanced hepatic lipogenesis. Insulin resistance in such mice is associated with reduced insulin signalling and enhanced inflammation in adipose tissue. In human, we show that GPR120 expression in adipose tissue is significantly higher in obese individuals than in lean controls. GPR120 exon sequencing in obese subjects reveals a deleterious non-synonymous mutation (p.R270H) that inhibits GPR120 signalling activity. Furthermore, the p.R270H variant increases the risk of obesity in European populations. Overall, this study demonstrates that the lipid sensor GPR120 has a key role in sensing dietary fat and, therefore, in the control of energy balance in both humans and rodents.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ichimura, Atsuhiko -- Hirasawa, Akira -- Poulain-Godefroy, Odile -- Bonnefond, Amelie -- Hara, Takafumi -- Yengo, Loic -- Kimura, Ikuo -- Leloire, Audrey -- Liu, Ning -- Iida, Keiko -- Choquet, Helene -- Besnard, Philippe -- Lecoeur, Cecile -- Vivequin, Sidonie -- Ayukawa, Kumiko -- Takeuchi, Masato -- Ozawa, Kentaro -- Tauber, Maithe -- Maffeis, Claudio -- Morandi, Anita -- Buzzetti, Raffaella -- Elliott, Paul -- Pouta, Anneli -- Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta -- Korner, Antje -- Kiess, Wieland -- Pigeyre, Marie -- Caiazzo, Roberto -- Van Hul, Wim -- Van Gaal, Luc -- Horber, Fritz -- Balkau, Beverley -- Levy-Marchal, Claire -- Rouskas, Konstantinos -- Kouvatsi, Anastasia -- Hebebrand, Johannes -- Hinney, Anke -- Scherag, Andre -- Pattou, Francois -- Meyre, David -- Koshimizu, Taka-aki -- Wolowczuk, Isabelle -- Tsujimoto, Gozoh -- Froguel, Philippe -- G0500539/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0600705/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2012 Feb 19;483(7389):350-4. doi: 10.1038/nature10798.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22343897" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipocytes/metabolism/pathology ; Adipogenesis ; Adipose Tissue/metabolism/pathology ; Animals ; Calcium Signaling ; Cell Differentiation ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Diet, High-Fat ; Energy Metabolism ; Europe/ethnology ; European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Exons/genetics ; Fatty Liver/complications/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/secretion ; Glucose/metabolism ; Glucose Intolerance/complications ; Humans ; Insulin/metabolism ; Insulin Resistance ; Lipogenesis ; Liver/metabolism ; Macrophages/metabolism ; Mice ; Mutation/genetics ; Obesity/complications/genetics/*metabolism/pathology ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Vascularized and functional human liver from an iPSC-derived organ bud transplant (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-05
    Description: A critical shortage of donor organs for treating end-stage organ failure highlights the urgent need for generating organs from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Despite many reports describing functional cell differentiation, no studies have succeeded in generating a three-dimensional vascularized organ such as liver. Here we show the generation of vascularized and functional human liver from human iPSCs by transplantation of liver buds created in vitro (iPSC-LBs). Specified hepatic cells (immature endodermal cells destined to track the hepatic cell fate) self-organized into three-dimensional iPSC-LBs by recapitulating organogenetic interactions between endothelial and mesenchymal cells. Immunostaining and gene-expression analyses revealed a resemblance between in vitro grown iPSC-LBs and in vivo liver buds. Human vasculatures in iPSC-LB transplants became functional by connecting to the host vessels within 48 hours. The formation of functional vasculatures stimulated the maturation of iPSC-LBs into tissue resembling the adult liver. Highly metabolic iPSC-derived tissue performed liver-specific functions such as protein production and human-specific drug metabolism without recipient liver replacement. Furthermore, mesenteric transplantation of iPSC-LBs rescued the drug-induced lethal liver failure model. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the generation of a functional human organ from pluripotent stem cells. Although efforts must ensue to translate these techniques to treatments for patients, this proof-of-concept demonstration of organ-bud transplantation provides a promising new approach to study regenerative medicine.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Takebe, Takanori -- Sekine, Keisuke -- Enomura, Masahiro -- Koike, Hiroyuki -- Kimura, Masaki -- Ogaeri, Takunori -- Zhang, Ran-Ran -- Ueno, Yasuharu -- Zheng, Yun-Wen -- Koike, Naoto -- Aoyama, Shinsuke -- Adachi, Yasuhisa -- Taniguchi, Hideki -- England -- Nature. 2013 Jul 25;499(7459):481-4. doi: 10.1038/nature12271. Epub 2013 Jul 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan. (ttakebe@yokohama-cu.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23823721" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Lineage ; Drug-Induced Liver Injury/therapy ; Endothelial Cells/cytology/metabolism/transplantation ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/*cytology/metabolism/transplantation ; Liver/*blood supply/embryology/metabolism/*physiology ; Liver Failure/therapy ; Liver Transplantation ; Mesoderm/cytology/metabolism/transplantation ; Mice ; Regenerative Medicine/*methods ; Tissue Culture Techniques
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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