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  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (2,082)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic rate of rat fetuses in vitro (1943)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 22 (1943), S. 167-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030220207
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulation of embryonic NA+-K+-ATPase activity and mouse preimplantation development in vitro in media containing high concentrations of potassium (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 36 (1993), S. 320-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Taurine ; Ouabain ; K+ ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effect of various potassium concentrations (ranging from 1.4 mM to 30 mM K+) in modified Tyrode's medium on the culture of mouse zygotes obtained after in vitro fertilization to the blastocyst stage was examined. A clear dose-dependent negative effect of increasing K+ concentrations on the preimplantation embryonic development in vitro was found. We have previously shown that significantly more two-cell embryos reach the blastocyst stage when cultured during the second day postinsemination in medium supplemented with taurine. Because taurine, an amino acid that abounds in the reproductive tract, has been reported to inhibit the enzyme Na+-K+-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+-K+-AT-Pase), we used two other conditions known to inhibit the Na+-K+-ATPase to study their effect on mouse embryo development. Culturing embryos during a short period (the second day postinsemination) in low extracellular K+ concentrations (1.4 mM) or in medium supplemented with ouabain (50 μM) showed positive effects similar to those of culturing in medium with taurine (10 mM). This beneficial effect of ouabain was found in various K+ concentrations tested, including the high concentrations present in the oviduct. Although the effects of low K+ and taurine can possibly be ascribed to their other cellular effects, the effect of ouabain shows that inhibition of the Na+-K+-ATPase during the two-cell stage in the mouse is beneficial for further embryonic development to the blastocyst stage. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080360306
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microscopy in solid state science (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 299-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: STEM ; PEELS ; HAADFI ; Nanolithography ; Super-resolution ; STM ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The Microstructural Physics group at the Cavendish Laboratory is actively involved in a considerable number of research projects which cover a broad range of materials science. In this paper, we describe briefly several such projects, with particular emphasis given to the application of parallel-detection electron energy loss spectroscopy (PEELS) on a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) to the analysis of materials such as stainless steels, catalysts, and high temperature superconductors. In addition, we describe a number of related projects that are currently being carried out in the group, particularly those which utilise and develop novel STEM imaging and analytical techniques. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070240404
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reflection electron microscopy and interferometry of atomic steps on gold and platinum single crystal surfaces (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 450-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Holography ; Interferometrical and holographical experiments ; Phase shifts ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Two beam interferences produced using an electrostatic biprism, which is inserted in the position of the selected area diaphragm of a commercial electron microscope, may be used in reflection electron microscopy to determine the phase shifts induced by structures on single crystal surfaces. A description of our interferometrical and holographical experiments on the phase shift at steps on (111)Au and (111)Pt single crystal surfaces is given and a straight forward interpretation of the results in terms of refraction will be discussed. As a particular result phase shifts of π and 0.9π were measured for monatomic steps on (111)gold and (111)platinum surfaces, respectively.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070200414
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    3H-uridine incorporation in early porcine embryos (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 29 (1991), S. 124-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Pig embryo ; RNA synthesis ; Blastocysts ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The present study investigated the ontogeny of 3H-uridine incorporation into RNA as a measure for RNA synthesis in preimplantation porcine embryos from the two-cell stage up to the stage of the newly hatched blastocyst. A total of 568 embryos were cultured in vitro for 3 hr in medium (KRB plus lamb serum) containing 9 μM 3H-uridine. After disruption of cell membranes, RNA was isolated on DEAE cellulose filters, and the radioactivity was taken as a measure for the rate of RNA synthesis. No RNA synthesis was detected at the two-cell stage. From the four-cell to the morula stage, 3H-uridine incorporation per embryo increased about ninefold (P 〈 0.001) in blastocyst stages, the increase between developmental stages was not statistically significant. Hatched blastocysts had the highest genomic activity. On a per cell basis, 3H-uridine incorporation was not different from the four-cell stage up to the zona pellucida-intact blastocyst and amounted to 0.29-0.37 fmol 3H-uridine incorporation/cell/3 hr. In hatched blastocyst, 3H-uridine incorporation per blastomere was increased (P 〈 0.01 compared with younger stages) and amounted to 0.86 fmol 3H-uridine incorporation/cell/3 hr. It is concluded that 1) the rate of uridine incorporation depends on the cell stage in zona pellucida-intact porcine embryos and 2) uridine incorporation per blastomere is significantly increased in hatched blastocysts compared with earlier stages.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080290206
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Homogeneous embedding for orientated monolayer cell cultures (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 19 (1991), S. 271-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060190212
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical loading stimulates the release of transforming growth factor-β activity by cultured mouse calvariae and periosteal cells (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 163 (1995), S. 115-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have shown earlier that mechanical stimulation by intermittent hydrostatic compression (IHC) inhibits bone resorption and stimulates bone formation in cultured fetal mouse calvariae (Klein-Nulend et al., 1986, Arthritis Rheum., 29:1002-1009). The production of soluble bone factors by such calvariae is also modified (Klein-Nulend et al., 1993, Cell Tissue Res., 271:513-517). Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is an important local regulator of bone metabolism and is produced by osteoblasts. In this study, the release of TGF-β activity as a result of mechanical stress was examined in organ cultures of neonatal mouse calvariae, in primary cultures of calvariae-derived osteoprogenitor (OPR) cells, and in more differentiated osteoblastic (OB) cells. Whole calvariae and calvariaederived cells were cultured in the presence or absence of IHC for 1-7 days and medium concentrations of active as well as total TGF-β were measured using a bioassay. IHC (maximum 13 kPa, maximal pressure rate 32.5 kPa/sec) was generated by intermittently (0.3 Hz) compressing the gas phase above the cultures. We found that mechanical loading by IHC stimulated the release of TGF-β activity from cultured calvariae by twofold after 1 day. IHC also stimulated the release of TGF-β activity from calvariae-derived cells after 1 and 3 days. The absolute amounts of TGF-β activity released were lower in OPR cells than in OB cells, but the stimulatory effect of IHC was greater in OPR cells. Total TGF-β (active and bound) released into the medium was not affected by IHC. IHC did not change the dry weight of the organ cultures, nor the DNA or protein content of the cell cultures. These data show that mechanical perturbation of bone cells, particularly OPR cells, enhances the activation of released TGF-β. We conclude that modulation of TGF-β metabolism may be part of the response of bone tissue to mechanical stress. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041630113
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasminogen activators augment endothelial cell organization in vitro by two distinct pathways (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 165 (1995), S. 107-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Endothelial cell differentiation into capillary structures is a complex process that requires the concerted effects of several extracellular matrix proteases, including plasminogen activators. Here, the role of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) was evaluated in an in vitro model of endothelial morphogenesis involving organization of human umbilical vein endothelial cells into tubular structures when they are cultured on the basement membrane preparation, Matrigel. Both uPA and tPA were detected in HUVEC cultures on Matrigel, and inhibitors of plasminogen activators or of serine proteases decreased the extent of the tube network formed by the cells. The decrease resulting from serine protease inhibitors was additive to that from matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors which have previously been shown to decrease tube formation in this model, suggesting that the two classes of proteases modulate tube formation by distinct mechanisms. Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAl)-1 decreased tube formation by 50% when added up to 4.5 h after the initiation of an 18 h assay and caused 25% inhibition when added 9.5 h after culture initiation, indicating that the effects of plasminogen activators are not limited to an early event in the differentiation process. Steady-state expression of mRNA for uPA increased during the first several hours of culture on Matrigel, further supporting a role for PA activity throughout the process of tube formation. These findings suggested that PAs may affect multiple events during tube-forming activity. A fucosylated peptide comprising the amino-terminal domain of uPA that binds to the uPA receptor (uPAR) but lacking proteolytic activity enhanced tube formation. In contrast, a defucosylated form of the same peptide had no effect. Since fucosylation of this fragment has been shown to be essential in other models of cell stimulation by uPA-uPAR interaction, these data support the hypothesis that uPA enhances endothelial morphogenesis both through proteolytic activity and via uPAR occupancy. Plasminogen activators could facilitate angiogenesis in vivo. © 1995 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041650114
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of the collagenase-3 receptor and its role in intracellular ligand processing in rat osteoblastic cells H.W.W. and P.T.C. contributed equally to this work. (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 177 (1998), S. 563-574 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have previously described a specific, saturable receptor for rat collagenase-3 in the rat osteosarcoma cell line, UMR 106-01. Binding of rat collagenase-3 to this receptor is coupled to the internalization and eventual degradation of the enzyme and correlates with observed extracellular levels of the enzyme. In this study we have shown that decreased binding, internalization, and degradation of 125I-rat collagenase-3 were observed in cells after 24 h of parathyroid hormone treatment; these activities returned to control values after 48 h and were increased substantially (twice control levels) after 96 h of treatment with the hormone. Subcellular fractionation studies to identify the route of uptake and degradation of collagenase-3 localized intracellular accumulation of 125I-rat collagenase-3 initially in Golgi-associated lysosomes and later in secondary lysosomes. Maximal lysosomal accumulation of the radiolabel and stimulation of general lysosomal activity occurred after 72 h of parathyroid hormone treatment. Preventing fusion of endosomes with lysosomes (by temperature shift, colchicine, or monensin) resulted in no internalized 125I-collagenase-3 in either lysosomal fraction. Treatment of UMR cells with the above agents or ammonium chloride decreased excretion of 125I-labeled degradation products of collagenase-3. These experiments demonstrated that degradation of collagenase-3 required receptor-mediated endocytosis and sequential processing by endosomes and lysosomes. Thus, parathyroid hormone regulates the expression and synthesis of collagenase-3 as well as the abundance and functioning of the collagenase-3 receptor and the intracellular degradation of its ligand. The coordinate changes in the secretion of collagenase-3 and expression of the receptor determine the net abundance of the enzyme in the extracellular space. J Cell Physiol 177:563-574, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synergistic action of calcium-lonophores and hyperthermia is best interpreted as thermal enhancement of calcium toxicity (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 155 (1993), S. 452-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: It has been shown that no relation exists between [Ca2+]i and hyperthermic cell killing, although heat-induced increase of [Ca2+]i can be observed in some cell lines. When ionophores are used, dose-dependent rises in [Ca2+]i may be found. Beyond a certain threshold of ionophore-induced increases in [Ca2+]i, cells may be killed. Different threshold levels of [Ca2+]i exist in different cell lines. Hyperthermia can act synergistically with calcium ionophores to potentiate cell killing. Since there is no causal relation between [Ca2+]i and heat toxicity, this synergism can be explained as heat enhanced Ca2+ toxicity. In the current report, it is shown that both ionophore-induced Ca2+ toxicity (37°C) and its potentiation by heat are dependent on extracellular calcium and related to sustained increases in [Ca2+]i. With ionomycin concentrations up to 15 μM, no increase in [Ca2+]i was seen in cells maintained in medium without Ca2+. Ionomycin effects on intracellular compartments were absent, and the drug seemed to act solely on the level of the plasmamembrane. Also, the synergism of heat and ionomycin appeared to act at the plasmamembrane, because depletion of extracellular calcium completely abolished this synergistic effect. The data presented are also discussed in the light of controversies existing in the literature for the role of calcium in hyperthermic cell killing. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041550304
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