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  • COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE  (12)
  • COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE  (9)
  • 1
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    Highly parallel computation (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Among the highly parallel computing architectures required for advanced scientific computation, those designated 'MIMD' and 'SIMD' have yielded the best results to date. The present development status evaluation of such architectures shown neither to have attained a decisive advantage in most near-homogeneous problems' treatment; in the cases of problems involving numerous dissimilar parts, however, such currently speculative architectures as 'neural networks' or 'data flow' machines may be entailed. Data flow computers are the most practical form of MIMD fine-grained parallel computers yet conceived; they automatically solve the problem of assigning virtual processors to the real processors in the machine.
    Keywords: COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 250; 1217-122
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  • 2
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    The science of computing - The evolution of parallel processing (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The present paper is concerned with the approaches to be employed to overcome the set of limitations in software technology which impedes currently an effective use of parallel hardware technology. The process required to solve the arising problems is found to involve four different stages. At the present time, Stage One is nearly finished, while Stage Two is under way. Tentative explorations are beginning on Stage Three, and Stage Four is more distant. In Stage One, parallelism is introduced into the hardware of a single computer, which consists of one or more processors, a main storage system, a secondary storage system, and various peripheral devices. In Stage Two, parallel execution of cooperating programs on different machines becomes explicit, while in Stage Three, new languages will make parallelism implicit. In Stage Four, there will be very high level user interfaces capable of interacting with scientists at the same level of abstraction as scientists do with each other.
    Keywords: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE
    Type: American Scientist (ISSN 0003-0996); 73; 414
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  • 3
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    Operating systems (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A counter operating system creates a hierarchy of levels of abstraction, so that at a given level all details concerning lower levels can be ignored. This hierarchical structure separates functions according to their complexity, characteristic time scale, and level of abstraction. The lowest levels include the system's hardware; concepts associated explicitly with the coordination of multiple tasks appear at intermediate levels, which conduct 'primitive processes'. Software semaphore is the mechanism controlling primitive processes that must be synchronized. At higher levels lie, in rising order, the access to the secondary storage devices of a particular machine, a 'virtual memory' scheme for managing the main and secondary memories, communication between processes by way of a mechanism called a 'pipe', access to external input and output devices, and a hierarchy of directories cataloguing the hardware and software objects to which access must be controlled.
    Keywords: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE
    Type: Scientific American (ISSN 0036-8733); 251; 94
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  • 4
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    Is thinking computable? (1990)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Strong artificial intelligence claims that conscious thought can arise in computers containing the right algorithms even though none of the programs or components of those computers understand which is going on. As proof, it asserts that brains are finite webs of neurons, each with a definite function governed by the laws of physics; this web has a set of equations that can be solved (or simulated) by a sufficiently powerful computer. Strong AI claims the Turing test as a criterion of success. A recent debate in Scientific American concludes that the Turing test is not sufficient, but leaves intact the underlying premise that thought is a computable process. The recent book by Roger Penrose, however, offers a sharp challenge, arguing that the laws of quantum physics may govern mental processes and that these laws may not be computable. In every area of mathematics and physics, Penrose finds evidence of nonalgorithmic human activity and concludes that mental processes are inherently more powerful than computational processes.
    Keywords: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE
    Type: NASA-CR-188859 , NAS 1.26:188859 , RIACS-TR-90-2
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  • 5
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    Mutual exclusion (1991)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Almost all computers today operate as part of a network, where they assist people in coordinating actions. Sometimes what appears to be a single computer is actually a network of cooperating computers; e.g., some supercomputers consist of many processors operating in parallel and exchanging synchronization signals. One of the most fundamental requirements in all these systems is that certain operations be indivisible: the steps of one must not be interleaved with the steps of another. Two approaches were designed to implement this requirement, one based on central locks and the other on distributed order tickets. Practicing scientists and engineers need to come to be familiar with these methods.
    Keywords: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE
    Type: NASA-CR-188122 , NAS 1.26:188122 , RIACS-TR-91-13
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  • 6
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    Beyond formalism (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The ongoing debate over the role of formalism and formal specifications in software features many speakers with diverse positions. Yet, in the end, they share the conviction that the requirements of a software system can be unambiguously specified, that acceptable software is a product demonstrably meeting the specifications, and that the design process can be carried out with little interaction between designers and users once the specification has been agreed to. This conviction is part of a larger paradigm prevalent in American management thinking, which holds that organizations are systems that can be precisely specified and optimized. This paradigm, which traces historically to the works of Frederick Taylor in the early 1900s, is no longer sufficient for organizations and software systems today. In the domain of software, a new paradigm, called user-centered design, overcomes the limitations of pure formalism. Pioneered in Scandinavia, user-centered design is spreading through Europe and is beginning to make its way into the U.S.
    Keywords: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE
    Type: NASA-CR-188886 , NAS 1.26:188886 , RIACS-TR-91-04
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  • 7
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    Human error and the search for blame (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Human error is a frequent topic in discussions about risks in using computer systems. A rational analysis of human error leads through the consideration of mistakes to standards that designers use to avoid mistakes that lead to known breakdowns. The irrational side, however, is more interesting. It conditions people to think that breakdowns are inherently wrong and that there is ultimately someone who is responsible. This leads to a search for someone to blame which diverts attention from: learning from the mistakes; seeing the limitations of current engineering methodology; and improving the discourse of design.
    Keywords: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE
    Type: NASA-CR-188904 , NAS 1.26:188904 , RIACS-TR-89-46
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  • 8
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    Notes on implementation of sparsely distributed memory (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Sparsely Distributed Memory (SDM) developed by Kanerva is an unconventional memory design with very interesting and desirable properties. The memory works in a manner that is closely related to modern theories of human memory. The SDM model is discussed in terms of its implementation in hardware. Two appendices discuss the unconventional approaches of the SDM: Appendix A treats a resistive circuit for fast, parallel address decoding; and Appendix B treats a systolic array for high throughput read and write operations.
    Keywords: COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE
    Type: NASA-TM-89254 , RIACS-TR-86.15 , NAS 1.15:89254
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  • 9
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    A view of Kanerva's sparse distributed memory (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Pentti Kanerva is working on a new class of computers, which are called pattern computers. Pattern computers may close the gap between capabilities of biological organisms to recognize and act on patterns (visual, auditory, tactile, or olfactory) and capabilities of modern computers. Combinations of numeric, symbolic, and pattern computers may one day be capable of sustaining robots. The overview of the requirements for a pattern computer, a summary of Kanerva's Sparse Distributed Memory (SDM), and examples of tasks this computer can be expected to perform well are given.
    Keywords: COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE
    Type: NASA-TM-89206 , RIACS-TR-86.14 , NAS 1.15:89206
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  • 10
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    First 3 years of operation of RIACS (Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science) (1983-1985) (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The focus of the Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science (RIACS) is to explore matches between advanced computing architectures and the processes of scientific research. An architecture evaluation of the MIT static dataflow machine, specification of a graphical language for expressing distributed computations, and specification of an expert system for aiding in grid generation for two-dimensional flow problems was initiated. Research projects for 1984 and 1985 are summarized.
    Keywords: COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE
    Type: NASA-CR-179699 , RIACS-TR-86.11 , NAS 1.26:179699
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