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  • COMPOSITE MATERIALS  (8)
  • MACHINE ELEMENTS AND PROCESSES  (1)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The critical load levels and associated cracking beyond which a multidirectional laminate can be considered as structurally failed has been determined by loading graphite fiber-reinforced epoxy laminates to different strain levels up to ultimate failure. Transverse matrix cracking was monitored by acoustic and optical methods. The residual stiffness and strength parallel and perpendicular to the cracks were determined and related to the environmental/loading history. Within the range of experimental conditions studied, it is concluded that the transverse cracking process does not have a crucial effect on the structural performance of multidirectional composite laminates.
    Keywords: COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Type: Composites (ISSN 0010-4361); 17; 23-32
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results are presented on the measurements of the residual strengths of T300/934 graphite epoxy laminates, in tension and in compression, after the samples were exposed to tension-compression fatigue loading (R = -1). Four laminate ocnfigurations were tested: unidirectional, cross-ply, angle-ply, and quasi-isotropic. It was found that the fatigue behavior of laminates was dependent on the quasi-static strengths and the specific structure of the laminate. No direct correlation was found between remaining residual strengths and the percentage of average fatigue life. However, a correlation scheme was developed for the individual specimen under test, based on a cumulative damage model and a stiffness change of the material.
    Keywords: COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Type: Journal of Composites Technology and Research (ISSN 0885-6804); 12; 76-84
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An investigation was conducted to determine the critical load levels and associated cracking beyond which a multidirectional laminate can be considered as structurally failed. Graphite/epoxy laminates were loaded to different strain levels up to ultimate failure. Transverse matrix cracking was monitored by acoustic and optical methods. Residual stiffness and strength that were parallel and perpendicular to the cracks were determined and related to the environmental/loading history. Results indicate that cracking density in the transverse layers has no major effect on laminate residual properties as long as the angle ply layers retain their structural integrity. Exposure to hot water revealed that cracking had only a small effect on absorption and reduced swelling when these specimens were compared with uncracked specimens. Cracked, moist specimens showed a moderate reduction in strength when compared with their uncracked counterparts. Within the range of environmental/loading conditions of the present study, it is concluded that the transverse cracking process is not crucial in its effect on the structural performance of multidirectional composite laminates.
    Keywords: COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Type: NASA-TM-86001 , A-9844 , NAS 1.15:86001
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N81-21134)
    Keywords: COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Type: Polymer Composites; 3; Jan. 198
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The form of the moisture distribution in the specimen (gradient and flat profile) was considered to establish the influence of accelerated moisture conditioning on fatigue behavior. For the gradient specimens having an average moisture content of 1.4 percent, fatigue life was reduced by a factor of 8 at all stress levels investigated. Corresponding reduction in fatigue life for the flat moisture profile specimens at the same average moisture content was comparatively smaller, being about a factor of 5 from the value in dry specimens. X-ray radiographic analysis of damage accumulation in compression-compression fatigue revealed interlaminar cracking to be the dominant mode of failure responsible for the observed enhanced cyclic degradation of moisture-conditioned specimens. This finding was corroborated by the observed systematic reduction in interlaminar shear strength as a function of moisture content, which, in turn, increased the propensity for delamination under cyclic compressive loads. Residual strength measurements on cycled specimens indicated significant strength reductions at long lives, particularly in moisture conditioned specimens.
    Keywords: COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Type: NASA-TM-78548 , A-7689
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A fatigue failure criterion applicable to composite materials is developed and applied to predict the fatigue behavior of graphite/epoxy laminates with particular emphasis on the influence of temperature. Tensile stress-strain curves and tension-tension fatigue curves for various unidirectional, angle-ply and symmetrically balanced laminates were developed at test temperatures of 25 C, 74 C and 114 C. In general for most laminates a reduction in both static strength and fatigue strength is observed with increasing temperature. This reduction appeared more severe in fatigue loading than in static tensile loading and most severe where the shear stress in the lamina is the dominant failure mode. Through an analytical formulation of shifting functions for the influences of temperature, all fatigue data are shown to be capable of being reduced to a single reference curve at some temperature. Additionally, examples are given which demonstrate the capability of the fatigue failure criterion to predict failure of complex symmetrically balanced laminates from relevant parameters obtained from the observed behavior of unidirectional and angle-ply laminates.
    Keywords: COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Type: New developments and applications in composites; 17, 1978; Louis, MO.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An examination and analysis is presented of the elevated temperature fatigue behavior of multidirectional graphite-epoxy laminates in terms of single lamina behavior. The laminate strength is predicted by considering the cyclic stress field in each lamina, the interlaminar stresses, and the experimentally determined temperature-effect 'shifting factors'. The initial failure of a lamina in a laminate is examined first in terms of stress redistribution, and then in terms of total failure and final laminate fracture; these analytical results are then compared with the actual fatigue behavior of T300/5208 graphite-epoxy composite laminates. In view of the agreement obtained, it is concluded that the temperature 'shifting factors' introduced here enable one to predict long-term behavior at a given temperature from short-time testing at elevated temperatures.
    Keywords: COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Type: Symposium on Fatigue of fibrous composite materials; May 22, 1979 - May 23, 1979; San Francisco, CA
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A somewhat phenomological overview of the hydrogen embrittlement process, both internal as well as external, is presented in a effort to make more clear the type of parameters which must be considered in the selection of a test method and test procedure so that the resulting data may be meaningfully applied to real engineering structures. What are believed to be the three primary influences on the embrittlement process are considered - the original location and form of the hydrogen, the transport reactions involved in the transport of hydrogen from its origin to some point it can interact with the metal to cause embrittlement, and the embrittlement interaction itself. Additionally, a few of the large number of secondary influences on the embrittlement process are discussed, for example, the influence of impurity species in the environment, surface hydride films, and surface oxide films.
    Keywords: MACHINE ELEMENTS AND PROCESSES
    Type: Symposium on Hydrogen embrittlement testing; Jun 25, 1972 - Jun 30, 1972; Los Angeles, CA
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A fatigue failure criterion applicable to composite materials is developed and applied to predict the fatigue behavior of graphite/epoxy laminates with particular emphasis on the influence of temperature. Tensile stress-strain curves and tension-tension fatigue curves for various unidirectional, angle-ply and symmetrically balanced laminates were developed at test temperatures of 25 C, 74 C, and 114 C. For most laminates a reduction in both static strength and fatigue strength is observed with increasing temperature. This reduction appeared more severe in fatigue loading than in static tensile loading and most severe where the shear stress in the lamina is the dominate failure mode. Through an analytical formulation of shifting functions for the influences of temperature, all fatigue data are shown to be capable of being reduced to a single reference curve at some temperature. Examples are given which demonstrate the capability of the fatigue failure criterion to predict failure of complex symmetrically balanced laminates from relevant parameters obtained from the observed behavior of unidirectional and angle-ply laminates.
    Keywords: COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Type: NASA-TM-78538 , A-7656 , Symp. on New Dev. and Appl. in Composites; Oct 15, 1978 - Oct 19, 1978; St. Louis
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