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  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (20)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Utilization of cellulosic materials through enzymatic hydrolysis. I. Fermentation of hydrolysate to ethanol and single-cell protein (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1297-1313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ethanol fermentation studies were conducted with Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC #4126, to determine the optimal conditions of oxygen tension and feed sugar concentration. In long-term continuous culture maximum ethanol production was found to occur at 0.07 mmHg oxygen tension and 10% glucose feed concentration. Preliminary process design and cost studies are developed for industrial scale fermentations to produce ethanol and torula yeast from sugars obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of newsprint.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260180908
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Utilization of cellulosic materials through enzymatic hydrolysis. II. Preliminary assessment of an integrated processing scheme (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1315-1323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An integrated processing scheme is described for the conversion of a cellulosic waste (newsprint) to sugars by enzymatic hydrolysis and then to ethanol and yeast by fermentation. The unconverted solids are burned to produce process energy requirements and surplus electrical power. Preliminary designs and cost studies are developed to provide a rough perspective on the potential economic feasibility of this method of cellulose utilization.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260180909
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computation of the fraction of induced cells in enzyme induction systems (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 445-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical model is developed for continuous multistage enzyme production systems, which consist of a growth fermentor used for growing microorganisms rapidly without enzyme production and a subsequent system of induction reactors in which enzymes induction and production occurs. The model allows the computation of the fraction of induced cells residing in the induction reactor for organisms exhibiting a lag phase in enzyme induction. For this model a general analytical solution was obtained for the cumulative internal residence time distribution of a series of n well-stirred vessels with a recycle. The theoretical results are compared in a preliminary way with experimentally measured cellulase productivities of continuous multistage cellulose fermentations with Trichoderma viride QM 9414.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190402
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid ethanol fermentations using vacuum and cell recycle (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1125-1143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cell recycle and vacuum fermentation systems were developed for continuous ethanol production. Cell recycle was employed in both atmospheric pressure and vacuum fermentations to achieve high cell densities and rapid ethanol fermentation rates. Studies were conducted with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC No. 4126) at a fermentation temperature of 35°C. Employing a 10% glucose feed, a cell density of 50 g dry wt/liter was obtained in atmospheric-cell recycle fermentations which produced a fermentor ethanol productivity of 29.0 g/liter-hr. The vacuum fermentor eliminated ethanol inhibition by boiling away ethanol from the fermenting beer as it was formed. This permitted the rapid and complete fermentation of concentrated sugar solutions. At a total pressure of 50 mmHg and using a 33.4% glucose feed, ethanol productivities of 82 and 40 g/liter-hr were achieved with the vacuum system with and without cell recycle, respectively. Fermentor ethanol productivities were thus increased as much as twelvefold over conventional continuous fermentations. In order to maintain a viable yeast culture in the vacuum fermentor, a bleed of fermented broth had to be continuously withdrawn to remove nonvolatile compounds. It was also necessary to sparge the vacuum fermentor with pure oxygen to satisfy the trace oxygen requirement of the fermenting yeast.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190804
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The rotorfermentor. I. Description of the apparatus, power requirements, and mass transfer characteristics (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 709-726 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A novel fermentation device, the rotorfermentor, is described and some experimental results are presented on power requirements and oxygen mass transfer characteristics of the rotorfermentor. This fermentation device is designed to achieve high cell concentrations in batch and continuous cultures. Basically, the rotorfermentor consists of a rotating microporous membrane which is enclosed within a stationary fermentor vessel. The metabolic products in the broth are continuously removed by filtration through the rotating microporous membrane while the growing cells can be retained inside the fermentor. This dual function of cell growth and concentration with the simultaneous removal of metabolic products is the essential characteristic of the rotorfermentor.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200507
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The rotorfermentor. II. Application to ethanol fermentation (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 727-753 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of microbial growth and product formation are described as applied to the high cell concentration scheme of the rotorfermentor. A bench scale pilot plant was designed and built in order to demonstrate the operational feasibility of the rotorfermentor. The fermentation of glucose to ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 4126 was used. When the rotorfermentor was used with a glucose feed concentration of 104 g/liter almost 100% glucose utilization was obtained and the ethanol productivity rate was 27.3 g ethanol/liter hr which was found to be about 10 times greater than the ethanol productivity obtained from an ordinary continuous stirred tank (CST) Fermentor. The ethanol experimental results obtained from the rotorfermentor and an ordinary CST fermentor were used as a basis to assess the economic feasibility of the rotorfermentor. The economics of an industrial scale ordinary CST fermentor with and without cell recycle is compared with a rotorfermentor unit for the same ethanol production throughput. For the process conditions considered on this case, calculations showed that the rotorfermentor may replace both a CST fermentor and cell centrifuge resulting in lower capital equipment costs and lower power consumption requirements.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200508
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Process design and economic studies of alternative fermentation methods for the production of ethanol (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1421-1444 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cell recycle and vacuum fermentation processes are described for the continuous production of ethanol. Preliminary process design studies are employed to make an economic comparison of these alternative fermentation schemes with continuous and batch fermentation technologies. Designs are based on a production capacity of 78,000 gal 95% ethanol (EtOH)/day employing molasses as the fermentation substrate. The studies indicate that a 57% reduction in fixed capital investment is realized by continuous rather than batch operation. Further decreases in required capital investment of 68 and 71% over batch fermentation were obtained for cell recycle and vacuum operation, respectively. However, ethanol production costs were dominated by the cost of molasses, representing over 75% of the total manufacturing cost. But, when a reasonable yeast by-product credit was assumed, the net production cost for 95% ethanol was estimated at 82.3 and 80.6 cent/gal, for the cell recycle and vacuum processes, respectively.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200908
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adsorption and recovery of cellulases during hydrolysis of newspaper (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1037-1053 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The adsorption of cellulases from Trichoderma viride was studied during the hydrolysis of newspaper. By measuring individual enzyme activities it was found that in the early stage of hydrolysis enzyme components showing CxA; were adsorbed preferentially to those showing C1A; afterwards ths situation was inverted. Electrophoretic resolution of proteins in hydrolysates showed a continuous decrease of enzyme proteins in solution, and furthermore suggested that the enzymes once adsorbed remained immobilized on the substrate (even after extensive digestion). Experiments to recover the enzyme that had remained in solution after typical hydrolysis showed a potential saving of up to 40%.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220512
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced production of cellulase, hemicellulase, and β-glucosidase by Trichoderma reesei (Rut C-30) (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1837-1849 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Production of cellulases and Hemicellulases was studied with Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30, This organism produced, together with high cellulase activities, considerable amounts of xylanases and β-glucosidase. Three cellulose concentration (1, 2.5, and 5.0%) were examined to determined the maximum levels of cellulase activity obtainable in submerged culture. Temperature and pH profiling was used to increase cell mass to maximum levels within two days and thereby enhancing fermentor productivity at higher substrate levels. The effect of temperature, pH, Tween-80 concentration, carbon sources, and substrate concentration on the ration of mycelial growth and extracellulose enzyme production are described.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230811
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen absorption in stirred tanks: A correlation for ionic strength effects (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 755-782 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new correlation is given for the prediction of the volumetric coefficient for mass transfer (KLa) in stirred tanks from dispersed gas bubbles to basal salt solutions of ionic strengths representative of fermentation media. The correlation includes the effects of both the operating parameters (agitation power per unit volume and gas superficial velocity) and the physicochemical properties of the system: interfacial tension, viscosity, density, diffusion, coefficient and, in particular, ionic strength. The effect of the latter was found to be most significant in the Newtonian systems of water-like viscosity investigated; no previous correlations have included the effect of ionic strength. KLa values were determined by using a dissolved oxygen probe to monitor the steady-state oxygen tension in continuous flow experiments, and/or the rate of change of oxygen tension in unsteady-state semibatch experiments. In the latter cases, results were computed by a nonlinear, least squares computer program which fitted the experimental data to a model of probe transient response characteristics. The general applicability of the model and the computational procedure was verified by comparing the results to those obtained with the same electrolyte solution in the steady-state mode. The experiments were run over a wide range of agitation power inputs, including those typical of both soluble- and insoluble-substrate fermentations. The correlation appears to be valid for both oxygen mass transfer with and without homogeneous chemical reaction in the liquid phase; in the former case, for example, sulfite oxidation, knowledge of the chemical reaction enhancement factor is required. In addition to predicting oxygen transfer capabilities, the correlation may be used for other sparingly soluble gases of interest in fermentation systems, such as methane, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260150409
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