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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 855-861 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new method is described for the immobilization of enzymes and other proteins onto hydrophobic gels. Trypsin, for example, can be quantitatively immobilized by reaction with sodium cyanoborohydride and dodecyladehyde-coated Octyl-Sepharose. Noncovalent interactions between the hydrophobic gel and approximately 10 resulting dodecylamino groups in the modified enzyme bind it very strongly but do not affect its ability to hydrolyze benzolarginine ethyl ester. The same procedure can also be used to immobilize E. Coli asparaginase and yeast alcohol dehydrogenase in high yield.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 40 (1992), S. 306-312 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: spin label ; immobilized α-chymotrypsin ; ESR ; enzyme immobilization ; spectral subpopulation ; solvent accessibility ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Electron spin resonance (ESR) spin label studies have been carried out to examine the active site conformation of α-chymotrypsin before and after immobilization on two types of organic polymer supports: Amberlite XAD-8 and XAD-2. α-Chymotryspin was first chemically modified by reaction with methyl-4-phenylbutyrimidate and then inhibited by the active site spin label 4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperdine-1-oxyl)-m-flurosulfonylbenzamide. In general, the ESR spectra of the active site lable revealed no significant changes in conformation for most of the enzyme before or after derivatization. On the other hand, two spectral subpopulations (A and B) of spin-labeled enzyme were characterized on the basis of their ESR spectra after immobilization on Amberlite XAD-8. Spectral subpopulation A (distinguished by a highly restrained spectrum) appeared to retain its active site structure and conformation and represented a large majority of the labeled chymotrypsin on the beads. Its presence correlated with the high activity and stability of phenylbutyramidinated chymotryspin on the Amberlite XAD-8 beads. Spectral subpopulation B (distinguished by a very weakly constrained spectrum) appeared to reflect loosely bound or denatured enzyme which was removable upon washing with 40% (v/v) ethylene glycol. Two methods for examining solvent accessibility to the active site lable of the kinetics of ascorbate reduction suggested that both spectral subpopulations had identical accessibilities to the bulk solvent. Paramagnetic broadening of the signal by K3Fe(CN)6 revealed differences in the spin-spin broadening of the A and B components but is deemed and inappropriate indicator of solvent accessibility.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 5-16 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A multi-stage pilot fermentor was designed which consists of nine stainless steel cylindrical compartments 2 ft. in length and 8 in. in diameter, joined end to end, giving a tube with a total length of 18 ft. The whole apparatus was mounted with its axis in a horizontal plane. Each compartment was sealed off from its neighboring compartment by a separatory plate having a 1-in. overflow hole in the upper half. Shafts 9½ feet long extended from each end of the fermentor through the compartments to the center. Agitation was provided by a multitude of stainless steel blades mounted at right angles to the shafts and spaced at regular intervals along the shafts. Stationary, stainless steel comb-shaped baffle plates were installed vertically at the bottom of each compartment to increase mixing efficiency. Constant leaving and re-entering of the fermentation liquor by the blades upon rotation imparts a shattering of the liquid surface thus preventing the accumulation of mycelial aggregates on the walls above the fermentation liquor. The mechanical performance of the described fermentor has proved excellent and several trial fermentations (antibiotic formation and steroid bioconversion) are described.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 32 (1988), S. 689-697 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new method is described for the immobilization of biologically active proteins onto several types of organic polymer beads. First, the soluble protein is modified by reaction with an excess of a hydrophobic imidoester, for example methyl 4-phenyl-butyrimidate, at ca. pH 9 and 0°. Excess imidoester and side products resulting from imidoester hydrolysis are separated from the hydrophobic protein derivative by exclusion chromatography or dialysis. A suspension of polymer beads (e.g. Amberlite XAD-7) is then added to a solution of the modified protein at room temperature or below and stirred gently for 1-2 h. The polymer beads are allowed to settle, separated from the solution by decantation or filtration, washed, and resuspended in an appropriate buffer. Quantitative adsorption of protein to the polymer beads is observed under such conditions. The synthesis of seven hydrophobic imidoesters and their use for the immobilization of trypsin onto several types of porous polymer beads is described. The immobilizations of trypsin, yeast alcohol dehydrogenase, and E. coli asparaginase by this procedure with high recoveries of catalytic activity, suggests that it will be applicable to a large number of biologically active proteins.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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