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  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (62)
  • 1995-1999  (60)
  • 1965-1969  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catalytic durability of magnetoproteoliposomes captured by high-gradient magnetic forces in a miniature fixed-bed reactor (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 654-658 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: cytochrome c-oxidase ; magnetophoresis (high-gradient) ; magnetoliposomes ; phospholipid membranes ; immobilization of membrane-bound enzymes ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cytochrome c-oxidase, used as a model membrane-bound enzyme, was embedded in phospholipid bilayer membranes, attached to nanometer-sized Fe3O4 colloids (so-called magnetoliposomes). In comparison with the lipid-depleted free enzyme, both the activity and the enzymatic stability of the complexes, stored at 4°C, were considerably enhanced. These beneficial properties of magnetoproteoliposomes have been successfully exploited in a magnetically controlled fixed-bed bioreactor, operating in a continuous flow regime. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solvent effects on the catalytic activity of subtilisin suspended in compressed gases (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 399-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: subtilisin ; hydration ; catalytic activity ; supercritical fluids ; solvent effects ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We studied a model transesterification reaction catalyzed by subtilisin Carlsberg suspended in carbon dioxide, propane, and mixtures of these solvents under pressure. To account for solvent effects due to differences in water partitioning between the enzyme and the bulk solvents, we measured water sorption isotherms for the enzyme in each solvent. We measured catalytic activity as a function of enzyme hydration and obtained bell-shaped curves with maxima at the same enzyme hydration (12%) in all the solvents. However, the activity maxima were different in all media, being much higher in propane than in either CO2 or the mixtures with 50 and 10% CO2. Considerations based on the solvation ability of the solvents did not offer an explanation for the differences in catalytic activity observed. Our results suggest that CO2 has a direct adverse effect on the catalytic activity of subtilisin. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Membrane bioreactor with a porous hydrophobic membrane as a gas-liquid contactor for waste gas treatment (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 45 (1995), S. 107-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: biofilm ; waste gas treatment ; hydrophobic microporous membrane ; mass transfer ; propene ; Xanthobacter ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A novel type of bioreactor for waste gas treatment has been designed. The reactor contains a microporous hydrophobic membrane to create a large interface between the waste gas and the aqueous phase. To test the new reactor, propene was chosen because of its high air/water partition coefficient, which causes a low water concentration and hampers its removal from air. Propene transfer from air to a suspension of propene-utilizing Xanthobacter Py2 cells in the membrane bioreactor proved to be controlled by mass transfer in the liquid phase. The resistance of the membrane was negligible. Simulated propene transfer rates agreed well with the experimental data. A stable biofilm of Xanthobacter Py2 developed on the membrane during prolonged operation. The propene flux into the biofilm was 1 × 10-6 mol m-2 s-1 at a propene concentration of 9.3 × 10-2 mol m-3 in the gas phase. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260450203
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic typing with HUMTH01, HUMVWA31A and HUMFES/FPS short tandem repeat loci, D1S80 variable number tandem repeat locus and HLA-DQα of recent and from XII-XIII centuries spongy bone (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 16 (1995), S. 1612-1616 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Short tandem repeats ; Histocompatibility antigen ; Postmortem DNA ; Ancient DNA ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The genetic analysis of ancient populations through DNA from bone remains, requires the use of short sized loci that can be amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for which the short tandem repeat (STR) loci are most suitable. These techniques can also be applied to genetic identification in forensic casework. In this study three STR loci, HUMFES/FPS, HUMTH01 and HUMVWA31A, were selected to estimate their usefulness when applied to recent and ancient spongy bone DNA typing. In addition, loci D1S80 and HLA DQα were also tested in the analysis of recent spongy bone DNA. The recent remains studied were constituted by ten spongy bone samples of postmortem material from one individual buried for 1 year. The ancient remains are composed by 8 spongy bone samples from the heads of left femurs from a XII-XIII Centuries Basque Country population. Adequate amplification and typing results could only be obtained with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)-extracted DNA, without any further purification after precipitation. Genotypes of the one year post-mortem material and those of his son and his wife were obtained at the D1S80, HLA-DQα, and STR loci. In all these systems, no exclusion was observed, with a combined probability of paternity of 0.9997. This demonstrates the reliability of the obtained results. The genetic typing of HUMTH01 in spongy bone from the XII-XIII Centuries Basque Country individuals was also performed. This will allow the genetic analysis on ancient bone remains and therefore, to carry out evolutionary population studies.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.11501601266
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of centrifugation on the viability of Burkitt lymphoma cellsContribution No. 1126 from the Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Presented at the 154th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, September 10-15, 1967. (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 641-649 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study reports some findings on the effects of centrifugation on the viability of mammalian cells. The authors used Burkitt lymphoma cells cultivated in a synthetic medium containing 10% fetal calf serum for all experiments. Batch centrifugations were conducted in a RC2-B centrifuge (Ivan Sorvall, Incorporated, Norwalk, Connecticut USA) operated at 0 and 25°C. During centrifugation we exposed the cells to gravitational fields ranging from 24,800 to 42.200g. The results showed that at, 0°C and 25,800 or 42,000g no loss in cell viability occurred for up to 90 min exposures in the centrifugal field. However, at 25°C and for gravitational fields of 24,800 and 42,000g, there were appreciable losses in cell viability. Continuous centrifugation studies in the Sharples supercentrifuge (Division of Penn Salt Corporation, Warminister, Pennsylvania USA) were also conducted with bowl speeds up to 28,000 rpm (19,000g) and flow rates ranging from 1.4 to 20 1, hr. Slight, losses in cell viability were noted and postulated as caused by the shear stresses encountered by the cells. Some pumping studies using the lymphoma cells substantiate this conclusion.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100509
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth kinetics of glucose-limited petunia hybrida cells in chemostat cultures: Determination of experimental values for growth and maintenance parameters (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 47 (1995), S. 42-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Petunia hybrida ; chemostat cultures ; growth ; true growth yield ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: With glucose-limited continuous cultures of Petunia hybrida six steady states were obtained at specific growth rates varying from 0.0035 to 0.012 h-1 (corresponding with culture residence times varying from 285 to 85 h). The macromolecular and the elemental biomass composition which were determined in four steady states showed no major differences over the range of growth rates examined. During all six steady states specific subtrate and oxygen consumption as well as biomass and extracellular product formation rates were monitored. Moreover the specific activities of the mitochondrial cytochrome and alternative pathway were determined and used to estimate specific adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production rates. Data thus obtained were used in the determination of maintenance and true growth yield parameters. For the maintenance on glucose and ATP values of 0.0070 C-mol/C-mol/h and 0.034 mol/C-mol/h were obtained, respectively. True yields of biomass on glucose and ATP were 0.50 C-mol/C-mol and 0.28 C-mol/mol, respectively. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260470106
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of the fluxes in the central metabolism of Corynebacterium glutamicum by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy combined with metabolite balancing (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 111-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: intracellular fluxes ; metabolite balance ; carbon labeling balance ; lysine ; anaplerotic reactions ; NMR spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To determine the in vivo fluxes of the central metabolism we have developed a comprehensive approach exclusively based on the fundamental enzyme reactions known to be present, the fate of the carbon atoms of individual reactions, and the metabolite balance of the culture. No information on the energy balance is required, nor information on enzyme activities, or the directionalities of reactions. Our approach combines the power of 1H-detected 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to follow individual carbons with the simplicity of establishing carbon balances of bacterial cultures. We grew a lysine-producing strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum to the metabolic and isotopic steady state with [1-13C]glucose and determined the fractional enrichments in 27 carbon atoms of 11 amino acids isolated from the cell. Since precursor metabolites of the central metabolism are incorporated in an exactly defined manner in the carbon skeleton of amino acids, the fractional enrichments in carbons of precursor metabolites (oxaloacetate, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, erythrose 4-phosphate, etc.) became directly accessible. A concise and generally applicable mathematical model was established using matrix calculus to express all metabolite mass and carbon labeling balances. An appropriate all-purpose software for the iterative solution of the equations is supplied. Applying this comprehensive methodology to C. glutamicum, all major fluxes within the central metabolism were determined. The result is that the flux through the pentose phosphate pathway is 66.4% (relative to the glucose input flux of 1.49 mmol/g dry weight h), that of entry into the tricarboxylic acid cycle 62.2%, and the contribution of the succinylase pathway of lysine synthesis 13.7%. Due to the large amount and high quality of measured data in vivo exchange reactions could also be quantitated with particularly high exchange rates within the pentose phosphate pathway for the ribose 5-phosphate transketolase reaction. Moreover, the total net flux of the anaplerotic reactions was quantitated as 38.0%. Most importantly, we found that in vivo one component within these anaplerotic reactions is a back flux from the carbon 4 units of the tricarboxylic acid cycle to the carbon 3 units of glycolysis of 30.6%. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic flux analysis of hybridoma cells in different culture media using mass balances (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996), S. 299-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: metabolic flux ; hybridoma cells ; mass balances ; biosynthesis ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The estimation of the intracellular fluxes of mammalian cells using only the mass balances of the relevant metabolites is not possible because the set of linear equations defined by these mass balances is underdetermined. Either additional experimental flux data or additional theoretical constraints are required to find one unique flux distribution out of the solution space that is bound by the mass balances. Here, a method is developed using the latter approach. The uptake and production rates of amino acids, glucose, lactate, O2, CO2, NH4, MAB, and the intracellular amino acid pools have been determined for two different steady-states. The cellular composition {total protein and protein composition, total lipids and fatty acid distribution, total carbohydrates, DNA and RNA} has been measured to calculate the requirements for biosynthesis. It is shown to be essential to determine the uptake/production rates of ammonia and either carbon dioxide or oxygen. In mammalian cells these are cometabolites of cyclic metabolic pathways. The flux distribution that is found using the Euclidean minimum norm as the additional theoretical constraint and taking either the CO2 or the NAD(P)H mass balance into account is shown to be in agreement with the measured O2 and CO2 metabolic rates.The metabolic fluxes in hybridoma cells in continuous culture at a specific growth rate of 0.83 day-1 are estimated for a medium with (optimal medium) and without (suboptimal medium) Primatone RL, an enzymatic hydrolysate of animal tissue that causes a more than twofold increase in cell density. It is concluded that (i)The majority of the consumed glucose (〉90%) is channeled through the pentose-phosphate pathway in rapidly proliferating cells.(ii)Pyruvate oxidation and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity are relatively low, i.e., 8% of the glucose uptake in suboptimal and 14% in optimal medium, respectively. Under both conditions, only a small fraction of pyruvate is further oxidized to CO2.(iii)The flux from glutamate to α-ketoglutarate (catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase) is almost zero in medium with and even slightly reversed in medium without Primatone RL. Almost all glutamate enters the TCA cycle due to the action of transaminases.(iv)Transhydrogenation plays a significant role in hybridoma cells under our experimental conditions. NADPH is produced at relatively high rates (11 × 10-12 to 13 × 10-12 mol · cell-1 · day-1) compared to other fluxes in both culture media. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and respiration of Petunia hybrida cells in chemostat cultures: A comparison of glucose-limited and nitrate-limited cultures (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 52 (1996), S. 412-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Petunia hybrida ; chemostat cultures ; glucose limitation ; nitrate limitation ; growth ; respiration ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nitrate-limited and glucose-limited chemostat cultures of Petunia hybrida cells were compared at a specific biomass (+extracellular product) formation rate of 0.0042 C·mol/C·mol h. The composition of the biomass differed considerably in both culture types. The N/C (mol/mol) ratio in the biomass was almost four times lower in the nitrate-limited than in the glucose-limited cultures. On a dry weight basis (g/g DW) the biomass in the nitrate-limited cultures contained about 2.5 times less ions and protein N and about 2.5 times more carbohydrates than the biomass in the glucose-limited cultures. On a fresh weight basis (mmol/g FW) the biomass in nitrate-limited and glucose-limited cultures differed mainly in carbohydrate content. The yields of biomass on glucose and oxygen were generally higher in the nitrate-limited than in the glucose-limited cultures. Average values for these parameters were 0.27 C · mol biomass/C · mol glucose and 0.42 C · mol biomass/mol O2 in the glucose-limited cultures and 0.34 C · mol biomass/C · mol glucose and 0.55 C · mol biomass/mol O2 in the nitrate-limited cultures. On a C · mol basis the total respiration was about 25% and the maximally attainable cytochrome pathway activity (measured in the presence of hydroxamate) about 30% higher in the glucose-limited than in the nitrate-limited cultures. The maximally attainable activity of the alternative pathway (measured in the presence of KCN) was significantly lower in the glucose-limited cultures. On an organic N (≈protein) basis all respiratory parameters were significantly higher in the nitrate-limited cultures. In the presence of the respiratory uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxy phenylhydrazone (FCCP) and excess glucose, cellular respiratory activity shows its maximal activity; under these conditions the total respiration increased more than 150% in the glucose-limited and only 30% in the nitrate-limited cultures. It is suggested that glucose-limited cultures are able to react more flexibly to changes in the environmental conditions than nitrate-limited cultures. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pathway kinetics and metabolic control analysis of a high-yielding strain of Penicillium chrysogenum during fed batch cultivations (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 52 (1996), S. 631-631 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260520502
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