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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 911-917 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 14 (1972), S. 685-714 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Characterization of proteolytic activity in preparations or fermentation broth is accomplished by methods based on a combination of disc electrophoresis and visualization of the activity. The methods permit a direct, comparison with reference preparations. All alkaline proteases studied, including the three subtilisins, were found to consist of several proteolytic components. The zymograms of the subtilisin type preparations show an irregular pattern. At least 14 different components may be observed, belonging to 6 types of mobility pattern, 3 of which could be assigned to the subtilisins. None of the components belongs to the group of metalloproteases. A quite regular pattern is shown by the zymogram of protease preparations produced by the alkalophilic Bacillus strains.A few of the components of the subtilisin preparations Maxatase and protease A were isolated by preparative disc electrophoresis and by disc electrofococusing, allowing a further characterization. Special attention was directed to the determination of properties specific for the application of subtilisins as additives in household detergents. Thermostability in sodium tripolyhosphate solution was found to range from about 10% for one of the minor components to 80% for the main component of Maxatase. Three types of curves representing the effect of pH on the activity were observed. The curve of the main component of Maxatase shows a characteristic shape with a maximum at pH 10.3: with other components lower pH optima were observed. Isoelectric points of the component were found to range from pH 7 to 10.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 323-330 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The authors have investigated a special aspect of the transfer of oxygen: the aeration performance of small-scale suction-impellers in a suspension of activated sludge floes and a performance comparison with clear water. The principle of the impellers is, that in order to disperse air bubbles into the aforementioned liquids, all that we need do is a simple stirring. Due to the impellers the authors could not show a reduction of the oxygen transfer coefficient in the presence of sludge flocs. Former comparative studies of oxygen transfer, using a fixed orifice, did show a reduction in the presence of sludge flocs. Therefore, it seems probable that the effect of activated sludge flocs on the transfer coefficient is linked with the manner in which air is dispersed, i.e., depends on whether an orifice is fixed or moved. The experimental results allow presumption that by developing a high intensity of shear near the location where air bubbles are produced, we are able to minimize the effect of sludge flocs on the process of bubble formation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 14 (1972), S. 493-497 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 997-1003 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 385-396 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Trypsin (EC 3.4.4.4) was immobilized in low yield on aminoalkylsilylated magnetite (Fe3O4). Better results were obtained when trypsin was immobilized by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde on magnetite. The preparation contained 36 mg protein/g magnetite and the enzyme retained 46% and 11% of esterase and proteolytic activity. Immobilized trypsin was more heat stable than trypsin. Invertase (β-D-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.26) was cross-linked on magnetite with glutaraldehyde in low yield due to the inactivation of the enzyme. However in the presence of 1% sucrose, the total activity recovered was 79% of the initial activity and the preparation contained 4.4 mg/g of active invertase. Immobilized invertase was less active than invertase when acting on oligosaccharides of the raffinose family. The immobilized enzymes could be easily recovered, from solutions or suspensions, magnetically.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 419-439 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The synthesis of extracellular enzymes by microorganisms frequently occurs under genetic control. A simple two-parameter model is developed describing the degree of repression or induction in fermentation media.The case of substrate utilization by an extracellular enzyme was analyzed for a vegetable oil-lipase-yeast system. It is shown that fatty acids released by the lipase may accumulate in the early stage of growth and exert an influence on the limiting after which relatively little repression or induction takes place.Expressions are also derived for growth and extracellular enzyme synthesis in single-and multistage continuous cultures. When the cells grow on a directly available soluble substrate, the specific enzyme synthesis is maximal at low dilution rates in the case of repression and at high dilution rates in the case of induction. If the substrate is not directly available, a single continuous stirred tank reactor stage may not be sufficient for efficient substrate utilization; for fermentation processes where an insoluble has to be broken down before the cells can assimilate it, a plug flow type fermentor rather than a mixed chemostat may prove more satisfactory.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 27-45 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The oxygen uptake rate in mycelial pellets of Aspergillus niger was studied experimentally and theoretically. The specific rate of respiration of mycelial pellets was found to decrease significantly with increasing pellet size. The distribution of respiratory activity in the mycelial pellets was evaluated and the specific rate of respiration of disrupted mycelia showed adaptation to the concentration of oxygen in the medium. The decrease of the specific rate of respiration of the mycelial pellets could be estimated according to diameter, mycelial density, oxygen diffusivity, and adaptation to the concentration of oxygen. Good agreement was found between the theoretical analysis and the experimental data.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1459-1469 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An apparatus is described for the rapid measurement and recording of methanogenic activity in anaerobic fermentations, and its application is demonstrated in the evaluation of the anaerobic contact process, using pear waste. The method is based on recording the rate of manometer liquid displacement in a Warburgtype vessel by means of optical sensors, appropriate electronic circuitry, and an event marking recorder or time-interval printer. Optimum conditions for measuring methanogenic activity included a pH of 6.7-6.9, a final phosphate buffer concentration of 0.07-015M, and formic and acetic acid contents of over 500 and 200 mg/liter, respectively. In comparisons of fermenter liquid and settled effluent, methanogenic activity can be assumed to be proportional to the number of methane formers present. The apparatus should be generally useful in recording rates of gas production or consumption.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 181-208 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental investigation on the rheology of penicillin broths was undertaken in order to obtain more understanding of this important aspect of the fermentation process. The measuring technique consisted in observation of the torque exerted upon a rotating turbine impeller. The experimental data were interpreted in terms of a model which basically is a synthesis of a known relationship for the rheological behavior of printing ink (Casson equation) and some considerations analogous to the rheological description of polymer solutions (excluded volume concept). One of the key variables in the model is a morphology factor, which can be used for a quantitative description of mycelial morphology. The value of the morphology factor can be determined experimentally by a simple viscosity measurement in combination with a mycelial dry weight determination. There are strong indications that the model may be applicable to mycelial broths other than those of penicillin.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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