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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 57 (1995), S. 106-118 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Benthos ; fish ; vertical distribution ; predation risk ; selective fishing ; Lake Constance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To compare the vertical distributions of benthos and fish species of Upper Lake Constance (Bodensee), 552 benthos samples were taken with an Auerbach grab at four transects (10–250 m). An additional 54 samples (1–10 m) were collected elsewhere. Complementary data was taken from the literature. In winter, most fish feed on benthos, mainly chironomids, but in summer less than 5% do so. Formerly the bottom gill-netting aimed mainly at catchingCoregonus pidschian, but it now aims atPerca fluviatilis. Contrary to expectation, in winter the greatest abundance ofP. fluviatilis is much deeper (55 m) than that of its preferred food, i.e. chironomids (〈20 m). Comparably,C. pidschian also stayed deeper than its main food source (chironomids and mollusks).Lota lota, Salvelinus profundus andS. alpinus — unlike the unwanted cyprinids — also stay or stayed deeper than the attractive chironomids. It is argued that the fish reduce their “predation risk”, i.e. the risk of being gillnetted in the upper 50 m, by “selecting” the deeper less dangerous, but also less food-abundant habitat. Balancing predation risk against food abundance may have led to “survival of the deepest”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: By applying the freeze-etching technique with different rates of cooling the solid state morphology of glycerol/H2O- and DMSO/H2O-systems, of aqueous electroyte solutions, and of aqueous and some non-aqueous polymer solutions were compared. At a high cooling rate, granular structures are obtained with aqueous polymer solutions, which are interpreted to be single polymer coils or aggregates of macromolecules. At a lower rate of cooling, lamellar or cellular structures are observed, which are discussed on the basis of “constitutional supercooling” known from the solidification of binary metallic systems.
    Notes: Mittels Gefrierätztechnik wurden bei unterschiedlicher Abkühlgeschwindigkeit die Erstarrungsmorphologien von Glycerol/H2O- und DMSO/H2-Gemischen, von wäßrigen Elektrovlytlösungen und von wäßrigen sowie einigen nichtwäßrigen Polymerlösungen verglichen. Bei hoher Abkühlgeschwindigkeit werden im Falle wäßriger Polymerlösungen partikulare Strukturen erhalten, die als einzelne Molekülknäuel gedeutet werden. Bei geringerer Abkühlgeschwindigkeit werden lamellare bzw. zellulare strukturen beobachtet, zu deren Diskussion das vom Erstarren binärer Metallegierun gen her bekannte Konzept der “konstitutionellen Unterkühlung” herangezogen wird.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 35 (1984), S. 83-88 
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A literature review is presented on the methods of characterization of the mesomorphic structures occuring in solutions of cellulose and cellulose derivatives. Experiments performed by the authors with the aim to characterize the liquidcrystalline states in solutions of cellulose derivatives allow the comparative estimation of the validity of current methods and complete the experience gained with these solutions.
    Notes: In einer Literaturübersicht wird der Kenntnisstand zu Fragen der Charakterisierung mesomorpher Strukturen in Cellulose- und Cellulosederivatlösungen zusammengestellt. Eigene experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Charakterisierung des flüssig-kristallinen Zustandes von Cellulosederivatlösungen sollen die Eignung vorhandener Charakterisierungsmethoden demonstrieren und Erfahrungen für den Umgang mit diesen Stoffsystemen vermitteln.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Employing the freeze-etching technique, the formation of symplex gels obtained by interaction between anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes in aqueous solution has been investigated. The large morphological variability of these symplex gels originates from a different structure of the primary gel-layer between the polymer solutions as well as from a different growth-rate of thickness of the gel film and from the variability of structural elements (particles, fibrils, larger polymer domains with smooth outer contour) in the volume phase of the gel-film, which generally shows an asymmetric structure. Possible causes of the morphological variability of symplex gels are considered, emphasizing the importance of discerning between “hard” and “soft” modes of precipitation in dependence on the polyelectrolyte system employed.
    Notes: Unter Anwendung der Gefrierätztechnik wurde die durch Wechselwirkung zwischen wäßrigen Lösungen anionischer und kationischer Polyelektrolyte erfolgende Bildung von Symplexgelen untersucht. Die große morphologische Vielfalt solcher Symplexgele zeigt sich in einem unterschiedlichen Aufbau der primär entstehenden Gelgrenzschicht zwischen den beiden Polymerlösungen, einem recht unterschiedlichen Dickenwachstum des Gelfilms und in unterschiedlichen morphologischen Strukturelementen (Partikel, Fibrillen, größere abgerundete Domänen) in der Volumenphase des Gelfilms, der insgesamt einen asymmetrischen Aufbau zeigt. Mögliche Ursachen dieser morphologischen Vielfalt von Symplexgelen werden erörtert, wobei vor allem der Unterscheidung zwischen “hart” fällenden und “weich” fällenden Polyelektrolytsystemen Bedeutung zugemessen wird.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Applying the freeze-etching technique, the morphology of cellulose acetate gels precipitated by water from solutions in DMSO was investigated with electron microscopy. Special attention has been given to the initial states of gel formation. Within the dense, granularly structured border area of the gel to the side of the precipitant the smallest particles are found at the precipitant side. The volume phase of the gel shows a fibrillar network structure with voids filled by the precipitant. Within the transition range between gel and polymer solution local domains of beginning phase separation are observed, which show a rather high precipitant or a high polymer content. The applicability of the concept of spinodal phase separation is discussed.
    Notes: Unter Anwendung der Gefrierätztechnik wurde die Morphologie der durch Fällung mit Wasser aus einer Lösung in DMSO erhaltenen Koagulationsstrukuren von Celluloseacetat elektronemikroskopisch untersucht. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wurde dem Anfangsstdium der Gelbildung gewidmet. In der partikular aufgebauten dichten Gelgrenzschicht zur Fällmittelseite befinden sich die kleinsten Teilchen auf der Fällmittelseite. Die Volumenphase des Gels weist eine fibrillare Netzwerkstruktur mit Fällmittel-gefüllten auf. Im Übergangsbereich zwischen Gel und Polymerlösung sind lokale Fällmittel-reiche und Polymer-reiche Entmischungsbezirke zu erkennen. Die Anwendbarkeit des Konzepts der spinodalen Entmischung wird diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Referring to the experimental results reported in previous communications, generalizable conclusions are drawn with regard to applicability of cryo-techniques in electron-microscopic preparation and with regard to sol-gel transition processes in polymer solutions. The feasibility of kinetic in-situ investigations on sol-gel transition is stressed as a decisive advantage of the freeze-etching technique. The course of sol-gel tranistion is considered as a combined diffusion-reaction mechanism for the examples investigated here (gel formation by phase inversion, ionotropic gel formation and formation of symplex gel), where thermodynamic and kinetic aspects have to be taken into account in order to interpret phenomena like the asymmetric morphological structure of the gels. The initial stage of gel formation is determined by local phase separation processes occurring by chance and by the morphological instablities of the moving boundaries during the gel formation. Some analogies to the formation of dissipative structures are mentioned.
    Notes: Aus den in den vorangehenden Mitteilungen dargestellten Experimentalergebnissen werden verallgemeinerungsfähige Schlußfolgerungen zur Anwendbarkeit von Kryomethoden für die elektronenmikroskopische Präparation und zum Mechanismus der Sol-Gel-Umwandlung bei Polymeren gezogen. Als entscheidender Vorteil der Gefrierätztechnik ist die Möglichkeit kinetischer in-situ-Unterscuhungen zur Sol-Gel-Umwandlung anzusehen. Der Verlauf des Sol-Gel-Übergans wird für die hier untersuchten Beispiele der Gelbildung durch Phaseninversion (Phasentrennung), der ionotropen Gelbildung und der Bildung von Symplex-Gelen als gekoppelter Diffusions-Reaktions-Mechanismus betrachtet, bei dem thermodynamische und kinetische Faktoren zu berücksichtigen sind, um beispielsweise die asymmetrische morphologische Struktur der Gele zu klären. Für des Anfangsstadium der Gelbildung werden spontan ablaufende „Phasentrennungsprozesse“ sowie morphologische Instabilitäten der fortschreitenden „Koagulationsfront“ als maßgebend angesehen. Auf gewisse Analogien zur Ausbildung dissipativer Strukturen wird hingewiesen.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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