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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Bolometer observations at 250 GHz of fifteen minor planets have shown that the emissivity of these objects is close to unity. This results in an independent method to determine the absolute calibration scale of radio observations at mm wavelengths: Applying our results to Mars, the prime calibrator at this wavelength, gives a mean absolute disk temperature at mean solar distance of approximately 210 K. Further, the diameters of circularly symmetric asteroids can be determined or the surface area of asteroids can be estimated assuming some geometric constraints on their shape.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361); 287; 2; p. 641-646
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: How do top-down factors (e.g., task expectancy) and bottom-up factors (e.g., task recency) interact to produce an overall level of task readiness? This question was addressed by factorially manipulating task expectancy and task repetition in a task-switching paradigm. The effects of expectancy and repetition on response time tended to interact underadditively, but only because the traditional binary task-repetition variable lumps together all switch trials, ignoring variation in task lag. When the task-recency variable was scaled continuously, all 4 experiments instead showed additivity between expectancy and recency. The results indicated that expectancy and recency influence different stages of mental processing. One specific possibility (the configuration-execution model) is that task expectancy affects the time required to configure upcoming central operations, whereas task recency affects the time required to actually execute those central operations.
    Keywords: Behavioral Sciences
    Type: Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance (ISSN 0096-1523); Volume 27; 6; 1404-19
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Acta Astronautica (ISSN 0094-5765); 29; 7; p. 537-545.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Seventy-seven extragalactic radio sources north of -2 deg declination have been observed using Mark III VLBI during 13 experiments from 1988 October to 1989 November. Radio positions derived from these observations supplement an ongoing project to define and maintain an all-sky radio/optical reference frame of 400 or more extragalactic sources with milliarcsecond (mas) accurate radio and optical positions. Positions for 11 new sources are presented along with improved positions for 54 sources already in the reference-frame catalog. An additional five sources have been determined to be unsuitable reference-frame objects. Observations of seven calibration sources tie the new positions to the existing catalog. The radio positions of the new sources have formal mean errors of about 0.7 mas in each coordinate. Sources for which improved positions are reported now have formal errors not greater than 1 mas, an improvement in some cases by as much as 85 percent. The complementary optical program is addressed briefly.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256); 104; 2, Au
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The orbit of the double-lined spectroscopic binary Phi Cygni, the distance to the system, and the masses and absolute magnitudes of its components are presented via measurements with the Mar III Optical Interferometer. On the basis of a reexamination of the spectroscopic data of Rach & Herbig (1961), the values and uncertainties are adopted for the period and the projected semimajor axes from the present fit to the spectroscopic data and the values of the remaining elements from the present fit to the Mark III data. The elements of the true orbit are derived, and the masses and absolute magnitudes of the components, and the distance to the system are calculated.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256); 104; 6; p. 2217-2223.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Can people learn to perform two tasks at the same time without interference? To answer this question, the authors trained 6 participants for 36 sessions in a Psychological Refractory Period (PRP) experiment, where Task 1 required a speeded vocal response to an auditory stimulus and Task 2 required a speeded manual response to a visual stimulus. The large PRP effect found initially (353 ms in Session 1) shrank to only about 40 ms over the course of practice, disappearing entirely for 1 of the 6 participants. This reduction in the PRP effect with practice is considerably larger than has been previously reported. The obtained pattern of factor interactions between stimulus onset asynchrony and each of three task difficulty manipulations (Task 1 judgment difficulty, Task 2 stimulus contrast, and Task 2 mapping compatibility) supports a postponement (bottleneck) account of dual-task interference, both before and after practice.
    Keywords: Behavioral Sciences
    Type: Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance (ISSN 0096-1523); Volume 25; 5; 1268-83
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: M. A. Van Selst, E. Ruthruff, and J. C. Johnston (1999) found that practice dramatically reduced dual-task interference in a Psychological Refractory Period (PRP) paradigm with 1 vocal response and 1 manual response. Results from 3 further experiments using the highly trained participants of M. A. Van Selst et al. (1999) support 4 main conclusions: (a) A processing bottleneck exists even after extensive practice; (b) the principal cause of the reduction in PRP interference with practice is shortening of Task 1 bottleneck stages; (c) a secondary cause is that 1 or more, but not all, of the Task 2 substages that are postponed before practice are not postponed after practice (i.e., become automatized); and (d) the extent of PRP reduction with practice depends on the modalities of the 2 responses. A control experiment with 2 manual response tasks showed less PRP reduction with practice than that found by Van Selst et al.
    Keywords: Behavioral Sciences
    Type: Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance (ISSN 0096-1523); Volume 27; 1; 3-21
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Angular diameters determined with the Mark III Optical Interferometer are presented for 12 stars at wavelengths of 450 and 800 nm. The uniform disk diameters resulting from fits to the visibility observations have rms residuals of order 1 percent for the 800 nm measurements and less than 3 percent for the 450 nm measurements. The improvement over previous observations with this instrument is due to improved data analysis and the use of a wider range of baseline lengths. An analysis of the calibration systematics for the Mark III Optical Interferometer is included. There is good agreement between these measurements and previously published data. The changes in uniform disk diameter between wavelengths of 450 and 800 nm agree with models of stellar atmospheres.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256); 101; 2207-221
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Observations from 600 Mark III VLBI experiments from 1979 to 1988, resulting in 237,681 acceptable pairs of group delay and phase delay rate observations, have been used to derive positions of 182 extragalactic radio sources with typical formal standard errors less than 1 mas. The sources are distributed fairly evenly above delta = -30 deg, and 70 sources have delta greater than 0 deg. Analysis with different troposphere models, as well as internal and external comparisons, indicates that a coordinate frame defined by this set of radio sources should be reliable at the 1 mas level. The right ascension zero point of this reference frame has been aligned with the FK5 by using the optical positions of 28 extragalactic radio sources whose positions are on the FK5 system. Because of known defects in the knowledge of astronomical constants, daily nutation offsets in longitude and obliquity were determined relative to an arbitrary reference day in the set of experiments.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256); 99; 1284-129
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Practice can, in some cases, largely eliminate measured dual-task interference. Does this absence of interference indicate the absence of a processing bottleneck (defined as an inability to carry out certain stages in parallel)? The authors show that a bottleneck need not produce any observable interference, provided that there is no temporal overlap in the demand for bottleneck stages on the 2 tasks. Such a "latent" bottleneck is especially likely after practice, when central stages are short. The authors provide new evidence that a latent bottleneck occurred for a participant who produced no interference in M. Van Selst, E. Ruthruff, and J. C. Johnston (1999). These findings demonstrate that the absence of dual-task interference does not necessarily indicate the absence of a processing bottleneck.
    Keywords: Behavioral Sciences
    Type: Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance (ISSN 0096-1523); Volume 29; 2; 280-9
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