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  • 1
    ISSN: 1433-4909
    Keywords: Key words Alkaliphile ; Bacillus ; Detergent enzyme ; α-Amylase ; Debranching enzyme ; Protease ; Cellulase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cleaning power of detergents seems to have peaked; all detergents contain similar ingredients and are based on similar detergency mechanisms. To improve detergency, modern types of heavy-duty powder detegents and automatic dishwasher detergents usually contain one or more enzymes, such as protease, amylase, cellulase, and lipase. Alkaliphilic Bacillus strains are often good sources of alkaline extracellular enzymes, the properties of which fulfil the essential requirements for enzymes to be used in detergents. We have isolated numbers of alkaliphilic Bacillus that produce such alkaline detergent enzymes, including cellulase (CMCase), protease, α-amylase, and debranching enzymes, and have succeeded in large-scale industrial production of some of these enzymes. Here, we describe the enzymatic properties, genetics, and structures of the detergent enzymes that we have developed.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1433-4909
    Keywords: Key words Alkaliphile ; Pectate lyase ; Cloning ; Bacillus ; Salt dependency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The gene for a highly alkaline pectate lyase, Pel-4A, from alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain P-4-N was cloned, sequenced, and overexpressed in Bacillus subtilis cells. The deduced amino acid sequence of the mature enzyme (318 amino acids, 34 805 Da) showed moderate homology to those of known pectate lyases in the polysaccharide lyase family 1. The purified recombinant enzyme had an isoelectric point of pH 9.7 and a molecular mass of 34 kDa, and exhibited a very high specific activity compared with known pectate lyases reported so far. The enzyme activity was stimulated 1.6 fold by addition of NaCl at an optimum of 100 mM. When Pel-4A was stored at 50°C for 60 h, striking stabilization by 100 mM NaCl was observed in a pH range from 5 to 11.5, whereas it was stable only around pH 11 in the absence of NaCl.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 25 (1987), S. 223-227 
    ISSN: 0887-6258
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 24 (1990), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Physicochemical properties of glass ceramics in weakly buffered, supersaturated, metastable calcium and phosphate solution were studied. Formations of calcium phosphate precipitates were also analyzed thermodynamically. All biomaterials examined here showed primarily dissolution process and subsequent nucleation. Dissolution was enhanced in those which contained Na2O and/or SiC. The dissolution of calcium and phosphate ions from biomaterials and subsequent nucleation of calcium phosphate salts after induction time resulted in a stable equilibrium having solubility characteristics similar to octacalcium phosphate (OCP). The most soluble material, CPSN-SiC, showed an initial transient equilibrium with amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). From above results, calcium phosphate ceramics had certain driving force of its own which kept the equilibrium of solution to OCP thermodynamically for 7 days. Despite the favorable solubility equilibrium attained, there still remain problems for clinical application.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 24 (1990), S. 331-343 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Glass-ceramic A-W, containing crystalline apatite and wollastonite in a MgO—CaO—SiO2 glassy matrix shows high bioactivity as well as high mechanical strength, but other ceramics containing the same kinds of crystalline phases in different glassy matrices do not show the same bioactivity. In order to investigate the bone-bonding mechanism of this type of glass-ceramic, surface structural changes of the glass-ceramics after exposure to simulated body fluid were analyzed with various techniques. A solution with ion concentrations which are almost equal to those of the human blood plasma was used as the simulated body fluid, instead of Tris-buffer solution hitherto used. For analyzing the surface structural changes, thin-film x-ray diffraction was used in addition to conventional techniques. It was found that a bioactive glass-ceramic forms a Ca, P-rich layer on its surface in the fluid but nonbioactive ones do not, and that the Ca, P-rich layer consists of carbonate-containing hydroxyapatite of small crystallites and/or defective structure. These findings were common to those of Bioglass-type glasses. So, we conclude that the essential condition for glass and glass-ceramic to bond to bone is the formation of the surface apatite layer in the body environment but it is not essential to contain apatite within the material. Bioactivity of glass and glass-ceramic can be evaluated in vitro by examining the formation of the surface apatite layer in the simulated body fluid described above.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 439 (1978), S. 259-264 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Kristallzüchtung von Zinkoxid aus der DampfphaseEinkristalle von ZnO wurden bei 1050-1200°C gezüchtet durch Oxydation von Zinkdampf, der kontinuierlich mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit von 7,2 × 10-5 Mol/min verdampft wurde. Bevorzugte Strömungsgeschwindigkeit des Sauerstoffs war 4,3-6,6 × 10-5 Mol/min und war 1,2-1,8 mal größer als der theoretische Wert zur Oxydation von Zinkdampf. Die Kristalle wuchsen größer mit ansteigender Züchtungstemperatur. Kristalle von maximaler Größe von 2-4 mm im Durchmesser und 22 mm Länge wurden bei 1200°C in 55 Stunden gezüchtet. Die Kristalle waren hellgrau und transparent. Charakteristische Formen der Kristalle waren Plättchen mit ausgebildeter (100)-Ebene und hexagonale Prismen.
    Notes: Single crystals of ZnO were grown at 1 050-1200°C by the oxidation of zine vapor which was continuously evolved at constant rate of 7.2 × 10-5 mol/min. Favourable flow rate of oxygen was 4.3-6.6 × 10-5 mol/min and was 1.2-1.8 times than theoretical value to oxidize zine vapor. The crystals grew larger with raising up growing temperature. Large crystals having maximum size of 2-4 mm ini diameter and 22 mm long were grown at 1200°C for 55 hours. The crystals were light gray and transparent. Representative forms of the crystals were both platelet with developed (100) face and hexagonal prism-type.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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