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  • 1
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    Evaluation of 20 workload measures using a psychomotor task in a moving-base aircraft simulator (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The sensitivity and intrusion of 20 pilot workload assessment techniques were compared using a psychomotor loading task in a three degree-of-freedom moving-base aircraft simulator. The primary task was an instrument landing system approach and landing, with measures taken between the outer and middle markers. Three levels of psychomotor load were obtained by combined manipulation of random wind-gust disturbance level and pitch stability. Two rating scale measures and one control movement measure demonstrated sensitivity to all levels of load. Additionally, one time estimation measure and one pulse rate measure demonstrated sensitivity to some levels of load. No intrusion was found. The results of this experiment indicate that the sensitivities of workload estimation techniques vary widely, and that only a few techniques appear sensitive to psychomotor load.
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
    Type: Human Factors; 25; Feb. 198
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  • 2
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    On the measurement of pilot perceptual workload - A comparison of assessment techniques addressing sensitivity and intrusion issues (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A flight simulator-based study was conducted to examine fourteen distinct mental workload estimation measures, including opinion, secondary task, physiological, and primary task measures. Both the relative sensitivity of the measures to changes in mental workload and the differential intrusion of the changes on primary task performance were assessed. The flight task was varied in difficulty by manipulation of the presentation rate and complexity of a hazard-perception task that required each of 48 licensed pilots to rely heavily on their perceptual abilities. Three rating scales (Modified Cooper-Harper, Multi-descriptor, and Workload-Compensation-Interference/Technical Effectiveness), two secondary task measures (time estimation and tapping regularity), one physiological measure (respiration frequency), and one primary task measure (danger-condition response time) were reliable indicants of workload changes. Recommendations for applying the workload measures are presented.
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
    Type: Ergonomics (ISSN 0014-0139); 27; 1033-105
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  • 3
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    A comparison of rating scale, secondary-task, physiological, and primary-task workload estimation techniques in a simulated flight task emphasizing communications load (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Sixteen potential metrics of pilot mental workload were investigated regarding their sensitivity to communication load and their intrusion on primary-task performance. A moving-base flight simulator was used to present three cross-country flights. The flights varied only in the difficulty of the communications requirements. Rating scale measures were obtained immediately postflight; all others were taken over a 7-min segment of the flight task. The results indicated that both the Modified Cooper-Harper Scale and the workload Multi-descriptor Scale were sensitive to changes in communications load. The secondary-task measure of time estimation and the physiological measure of pupil diameter were also sensitive. As expected, those primary-task measures that were direct measures of communicative performance were also sensitive to load, whereas aicraft control primary-task measures were not, attesting to the task specificity of such measures. Finally, the intrusion analysis revealed no differential interference between workload measures.
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
    Type: Human Factors (ISSN 0018-7208); 25; 623-641
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  • 4
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    A validated rating scale for global mental workload measurement applications (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Cooper-Harper (1969) scale has been extensively used for evaluation of aircraft handling qualities and associated mental workload. The scale is a 10-point scale with a decision tree. A modified version of the scale, called the MCH scale, has been devised for the purpose of assessing workload in systems other than those where the human operator performs motor tasks; namely, where perceptual, mediational, and communications activity is preent. The MCH scale has been validated in three different experiments. The scale is recommended for applications in which overall mental workload is to be assessed.
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
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  • 5
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    Communications-imposed pilot workload - A comparison of sixteen estimation techniques (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Sixteen potential metrics of mental workload were investigated in regard to their relative sensitivity to communications load and their differential intrusion on primary task performance. A moving-base flight simulator was used to present three cross-country flights to each of 30 subject pilots, each flight varying only in the difficulty of the inherent communications requirements. With the exception of the rating scale measures, which were obtained immediately post-flight, all measures were taken over a seven minute segment of the flight task. The results indicated that both the Modified Cooper-Harper and the workload Multi-descriptor rating scales were reliably sensitive to changes in communications load. Also, the secondary task measure of time estimation and the physiological measure of pupil diameter yielded sensitivity. As expected, those primary task measures which were direct measures of communicative performance were also sensitive to load, while aircraft control primary task measures were not, attesting to the task-specificity of such measures. Finally, the intrusion analysis revealed no differential interference between workload measures.
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
    Type: Symposium on Aviation Psychology; Apr 25, 1983 - Apr 28, 1983; Columbus, OH
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  • 6
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    Instantaneous mental workload - Concept and potential methods for measurement (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper provides an initial conceptual framework for instantaneous workload and describes potential methods for short-term measurement. Many existing estimation techniques can be modified for use as short-term assessment techniques. Techniques in the (1) opinion, (2) spare mental capacity, (3) primary task, and (4) physiological categories are discussed. The limitations involved in instantaneous workload, which are real and fundamental, are also described.
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
    Type: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, International Conference on Cybernetics and Society; Oct 25, 1981 - Oct 28, 1981; Atlanta, GA
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  • 7
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    Evaluation of the sensitivity and intrusion of workload estimation techniques in piloting tasks emphasizing mediational activity (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In this experiment, pilots flew an instrumented moving-base simulator. Mediational loading was elicited by having them solve a variety of navigational problems. The problems were sorted into low, medium, and high load conditions based on the number and complexity of arithmetic and geometric operations required to solve them. Workload estimation techniques based on opinion, spare mental capacity, primary task performance, and physiological measures were obtained and compared. This paper describes: (1) the ability of the techniques to discriminate statistically between the three levels of loading conditions, and (2) changes in primary task performance caused by introduction of the workload technique procedures and equipment.
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
    Type: In: International Conference on Cybernetics and Society; Oct 28, 1982 - Oct 30, 1982; Seattle, WA
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  • 8
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    A sensitivity/intrusion comparison of mental workload estimation techniques using a flight task emphasizing perceptual piloting activities (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In a literature review it was found that little research effort has been directly applied to the problem of specifying a viable workload estimation technique for a given pilot/aircrew problem. Furthermore, the relative sensitivity and intrusion of most techniques has not been studied. The present investigation is concerned with a comparative evaluation of eight workload estimation techniques under identical experimental conditions in a flight simulator. The objective of this comparison was to determine the relative sensitivity and intrusion of each estimation technique in applications to a piloting situation which emphasizes the use of perceptual processes. No differential intrusion could be observed, but six of the eight techniques did show sensitivity to changes in perceptual load. All significant techniques displayed monotonic increases in measured values across the three loading levels considered.
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
    Type: In: International Conference on Cybernetics and Society; Oct 28, 1982 - Oct 30, 1982; Seattle, WA
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