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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and modification of D7 protein during Xenopusoocyte maturation (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 32 (1992), S. 293-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Maternal mRNA ; Oocyte maturation ; Protein modification ; MPF ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Xenopus maternal mRNA D7 is translationally repressed during oogenesis, only becoming recruited into polysomes during oocyte maturation, with D7 protein being detectable for the first time prior to germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). The synthesis of D7 protein was found to be induced by a variety of maturation-promoting agents including cyclin, c-mos and crude preparations of MPF. D7 protein induced by all these agents is post-translationally modified and exists as a number of variants of differing molecular weight. In contrast to endogenous D7 mRNA, D7 RNA injected into the stage VI oocyte is efficiently translated, resulting in the accumulation of predominantly unmodified D7 polypeptides, which become increasingly modified during oocyte maturation to produce a pattern of polypeptides similar to those derived from endogenous D7 mRNA. Thus, the system that results in the post-translational modification of the D7 protein is itself activated during oocyte maturation. The nature of the protein modification is not known but does not appear to be phosphorylation. The translation of exogenous D7 RNA in the stage VI oocyte does not lead to translational derepression of endogenous D7 mRNA.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080320315
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glycogen breakdown in cleaving xenopus embryos is limited by ADP (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 32 (1992), S. 354-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Glycolysis, Embryos, Metabolism, Pyruvate kinase, Malic enzyme ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Xenopus eggs contain large stores of glycogen, but this glycogen is not glycolytically processed during cleavage. The Embden-Meyerhof pathway is inhibited by the absence of pyruvate kinase activity in vivo, and lactate and pyruvate are present at relatively low levels. In the late blastula, just preceding gastrulation, lactate levels increase, indicating the onset of glycogen breakdown and glycolytic flux. Glycolysis from microinjected [14C]glucose-6-phosphate could be transiently activated, however, by the coinjection of ADP into fertilized eggs, and constitutively activated by the injection of the ATPase potato apyrase, indicating the presence of all enzymes necessary for glycolytic activity. The isozyme profiles of pyruvate kinase and malic enzyme, two enzymes involved in carbon metabolism during cleavage or in the subsequent activation of glycogen breakdown, do not change between the egg and gastrula stages. These data suggest that the activation of glycogen breakdown and glycolysis in the late blastula is probably not a result of new gene activity but may be the metabolic consequence of increased free ADP that is then able to support the pyruvate kinase reaction.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080320408
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functions of maternal mRNA in early development (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 26 (1990), S. 261-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Egg mRNA ; Translational control ; Drosophila ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In this review, the types of mRNAs found in oocytes and eggs of several animal species, particularly Drosophila, marine invertebrates, frogs, and mice, are described. The roles that proteins derived from these mRNAs play in early development are discussed, and connections between maternally inherited information and embryonic pattern are sought. Comparisons between genetically identified maternally expressed genes in Drosophila and maternal mRNAs biochemically characterized in other species are made when possible. Regulation of the meiotic and early embryonic cell cycles is reviewed, and translational control of maternal mRNA following maturation and/or fertilization is discussed with regard to specific mRNAs.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080260310
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation and specificity of MNDA expression in monocytes, macrophages, and leukemia/B lymophoma cell lines (1994)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 56 (1994), S. 559-567 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: human ; myeloid ; nuclear ; differentiation ; chronic myeloid leukemia ; Burkitt's lymphoma ; Epstein-Barr virus ; interferon-α ; PHA ; phorbol ester ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The expression of the human myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen (MNDA) was observed specifically in cells of the granulocyte-macrophage lineage in our earlier reports. The specificity of MNDA expression for cells in the granulocyte-macrophage lineage was reexamined in cell line established from patients with philadelphia chromosome-positive chroni myeloid leukemia. Cell lines that expressed MNDA exhibited myeloid cell features and granulocyte or monocyte defferentiation could be induced in vitro, while cell lines exhibiting properties of very early stage cells of multipotential cells ded not express MNDA. Cells orginating from cases of burkitt's lymphoma were negative. By contrast, three Iymphoblastoid cell lines (immortalized in vitro with Epstein-Barr virus) were weakly positive and MNDA was up-regulated by interferon-α (IFN-α) treatment. As we reported previously, MNDA mRNA level in adherent monocytes is elevated by IFN-α; in this study, we further assessed MNDA expression in in vitro monocyte-derived macrophages. Three addditional agents (endotoxin, phytohemagglutinin, and photbol ester) and other conditions that affect function, cutokine production, defferentiation, and/of growth of monocytes were examined for their ability to alter MNDA expression. The results varied with the agent, cell type, and stage of differentiation. Changes in MNDA expression occurred slowly (hours to days), suggesting that MNDA could mediate changes realized over a long period. The results also reveal a discordance in certain MNDA Positiva cells between steady-state levels of changes in levels of protein and mRNA indicating that the regulation of MNDA expression occurs at more than one point. Changes in MNDA expression are consistent with a role in opposing macrophage defferentiation and activation of monocytes/macrophages.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240560417
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interferon α selectively affects expression of the human myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen in late stage cells in the monocytic but not the granulocytic lineage (1994)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 54 (1994), S. 198-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: granulocytes ; monocytes ; human myeloid cell lines ; retinoic acid ; phorbol ester ; mRNA ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The human myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen (MNDA) is expressed constitutively in cells of the myeloid lineage, appearing in myeloblast cells in some cases of acute myeloid leukemia and consistently being detected in promyelocyte stage cells as well as in all later stage cells including peripheral blood monocytes and granulocytes. The human myeloid leukemia cell lines, HL-60, U937, and THP-1, express similar levels of immunochemically detectable MNDA. Although, the level of MNDA mRNA in primary monocytes is very low it was up-regulated at 6 h following the addition of interferon α. The effect of interferon α on the MNDA mRNA is also observed in the cell lines HL-60, U937, and THP-1. The MNDA mRNA level in primary granulocytes was unaffected by addition of interferon α and other agents including interferon γ, endotoxin, poly (I) · poly (C), and FMLP. The MNDA mRNA level in the myeloid cell lines was also unaffected by the latter four agents. Induction of differentiation in the myeloid cell lines with phorbol ester induces monocyte differentiation which was accompanied by a decrease in MNDA mRNA level. This reduced level of mRNA could then be elevated with subsequent interferon α treatment. The effects of phorbol ester on MNDA mRNA appeared to be associated with induced differentiation since inhibiting cell proliferation did not alter the level of MNDA mRNA and cell cycle variation in MNDA mRNA levels were not observed. The ability of interferon α to up-regulate MNDA mRNA in phorbol ester treated myeloid cell lines is consistent with the observations made in primary monocytes. Granulocyte differentiation induced by retinoic acid treatment of HL-60 cells did not alter the MNDA mRNA level which was also unchanged following subsequent treatment with interferon α. The lack of interferon α effects on retinoic acid treated HL-60 cells is consistent with its inability to influence MNDA mRNA level in primary granulocytes.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240540208
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  • 6
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    The Laboratory Production of Complex Organic Molecules in Simulated Interstellar Ices (2002)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Much of the volatiles in interstellar dense clouds exist in ices surrounding dust grains. Their low temperatures preclude most chemical reactions, but ionizing radiation can drive reactions that produce a suite of new species, many of which are complex organics. The Astrochemistry Lab at NASA Ames studies the UV radiation processing of interstellar ice analogs to better identify the resulting products and establish links between interstellar chemistry, the organics in meteorites, and the origin of life on Earth. Once identified, the spectral properties of the products can be quantified to assist with the search for these species in space. Of particular interest are findings that UV irradiation of interstellar ice analogs produces molecules of importance in current living organisms, including quinones, amphiphiles, and amino acids.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: Proceedings of the NASA Laboratory Astrophysics Workshop; 198-200; NASA/CP-2002-211863
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    The Interstellar Production of Biologically Important Organics (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-05
    Description: One of the primary tasks of the Astrochemistry Laboratory at Ames Research Center is to use laboratory simulations to study the chemical processes that occur in dense interstellar clouds. Since new stars are formed in these clouds, their materials may be responsible for the delivery of organics to new habitable planets and may play important roles in the origin of life. These clouds are extremely cold (less than 50 kelvin), and most of the volatiles in these clouds are condensed onto dust grains as thin ice mantles. These ices are exposed to cosmic rays and ultraviolet (UV) photons that break chemical bonds and result in the production of complex molecules when the ices are warmed (as they would be when incorporated into a star-forming region). Using cryovacuum systems and UV lamps, this study simulates the conditions of these clouds and studies the resulting chemistry. Some of the areas of progress made in 1999 are described below. It shows some of the types of molecules that may be formed in the interstellar medium. Laboratory simulations have already confirmed that many of these compounds are made under these conditions.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: Research and Technology 1999; 116-117; NASA/TM-2000-209618
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  • 8
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    Synthesis of Large Molecules in Cometary Ice Analogs: Physical Properties Related to Self-Assembly Processes (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: The combination of realistic laboratory simulations and infrared observations have revolutionized our understanding of interstellar dust and ice-the main component of comets. Since comets and carbonaceous micrometeorites may have been important sources of volatiles and carbon compounds on the early Earth, their organic composition may be related to the origin of life. Ices on grains in molecular clouds contain a variety of simple molecules. The D/H ratios of the comets Hale-Bopp and Hyakutake are consistent with a primarily interstellar ice mixture. Within the cloud and especially in the presolar nebula through the early solar system, these icy grains would have been photoprocessed by the ultraviolet producing more complex species such as hexamethylenetetramine, polyoxymethylenes, and simple keones. We reported at the 1999 Bioastronomy meeting laboratory simulations studied to identify the types of molecules which could have been generated in pre-cometary ices. Experiments were conducted by forming a realistic interstellar mixed-molecular ice (H2O, CH3OH, NH3 and CO) at approximately 10 K under high vacuum irradiated with UV light from a hydrogen plasma lamp. The gas mixture was typically 100:50:1:1, however when different ratios were used material with similar characteristics was still produced. The residue that remained after warming to room temperature was analyzed by HPLC, and by several mass spectrometric methods. This material contains a rich mixture of complex compounds with mass spectral profiles resembling those found in IDPs and meteorites. Surface tension measurements show that an amphiphilic component is also present. These species do not appear in various controls or in unphotolyzed samples. Residues from the simulations were also dispersed in aqueous media for microscopy. The organic material forms 10-40 gm diameter droplets that fluoresce at 300-450 nm under UV excitation. These droplets have a morphology and internal structure which appear strikingly similar to those produced by extracts of the Murchison meteorite. Together, these results suggest a link between organic material photochemically synthesized on the cold grains in dense, interstellar molecular clouds and compounds that may have contributed to the organic inventory of the primitive Earth. For example, the amphiphilic properties of such compounds permit self-assembly into the membranous boundary structures that required for the first forms of cellular life.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: 1999 Meeting o BioAstronomy; Aug 01, 1999; Khilua, HI; United States
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    The Production of Amino Acids in Interstellar Ices: Implications for Meteoritic Organics (2002)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: Indigenous amino acids have been detected in a number of meteorites, over 70 in the Murchison meteorite alone. It has been generally accepted that the amino acids in meteorites formed in liquid water on an asteroid or comet parent-body. However, the water in the Murchison meteorite, for example, was depleted of deuterium, making the distribution of deuterium in organic acids in Murchison difficult to explain. Similarly, occasional but consistent meteoritic biases for non-terrestrial L amino acids cannot be reasonably rationalized by liquid water parent-body reactions. We will present the results of a laboratory demonstration showing that the amino acids glycine, alanine, and serine should result from the UV (ultraviolet) photolysis of interstellar ice grains. This suggests that some meteoritic amino acids may be the result of interstellar ice photochemistry, rather than having formed by reactions in liquid water. We will describe some of the potential implications of these findings for the organic materials found in primitive meteorites, in particular how interstellar ice synthesis might more easily accommodate the presence and distribution of deuterium, and the meteoritic bias for L amino acids.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: 65th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society; Jul 21, 2002 - Jul 26, 2002; Los Angeles, CA; United States
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    Formation of Prebiotic Molecules in Interstellar and Cometary Ices (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We report here on our lab studies of ice photochemistry of large organic molecules under cometary conditions. We focus on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their photoproducts, and their similarities to molecules seen in living systems today. We note that these kinds of compounds are seen in meteorites and we propose an explanation for both their formation and their observed deuterium enrichments.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: Bioastronomy Conference 1999: A New Era in the Search for Life in the Universe; Aug 02, 1999 - Aug 06, 1999; Kohala Coast, HI; United States
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