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  • 1
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    A Direct Approach for Minimum Fuel Maneuvers of Distributed Spacecraft in Multiple Flight Regimes (2004)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: In this work we present a method to solve the impulsive minimum fuel maneuver problem for a distributed set of spacecraft. We develop the method assuming a fully non-linear dynamics model and parameterize the problem to allow the method to be applicable to any flight regime. Furthermore, the approach is not limited by the inter-spacecraft separation distances and is applicable to both small formations as well as constellations. We assume that the desired relative motion is driven by mission requirements and has been determined a-priori. The goal of this work is to develop a technique to achieve the desired relative motion in a minimum fuel manner. To permit applicability to multiple flight regimes, we have chosen to parameterize the cost function in terms of the maneuver times expressed in a useful time system and the maneuver locations expressed in their Cartesian vector representations. We also include as an independent variable the initial reference orbit to solve for the optimal injection orbit to minimize and equalize the fuel expenditure of distributed sets of spacecraft with large inter-spacecraft separations. In this work we derive the derivatives of the cost and constraints with respect to all of the independent variables.
    Keywords: Astrodynamics
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  • 2
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    Turbofan Noise Studied in Unique Model Research Program in NASA Glenn's 9- by 15-Foot Low-Speed Wind Tunnel (2001)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-02
    Description: A comprehensive aeroacoustic research program called the Source Diagnostic Test was recently concluded in NASA Glenn Research Center's 9- by 15-Foot Low Speed Wind Tunnel. The testing involved representatives from Glenn, NASA Langley Research Center, GE Aircraft Engines, and the Boeing Company. The technical objectives of this research were to identify the different source mechanisms of noise in a modern, high-bypass turbofan aircraft engine through scale-model testing and to make detailed acoustic and aerodynamic measurements to more fully understand the physics of how turbofan noise is generated.
    Keywords: Acoustics
    Type: Research and Technology 2000; NASA/TM-2001-210605
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  • 3
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    Optimal Orbit Design for the Magnetospheric Imaging Constellation (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: The Magnetospheric Imaging Constellation (MagIC) is a NASA space science concept to study the Earth's Magnetosphere. The concept proposes to apply tomography techniques using an array of spacecraft to obtain three dimensional images of the Earth's magnetosphere. This paper presents an optimal orbit design to ensure that the constellation is in the desired region of the magnetosphere for maximum time. The solution is found using a steepest descent optimization algorithm that takes into account perturbations from the non-spherical Earth, drag, Sun, Moon and other significant bodies. The solution also satisfies constraints on maximum eclipse duration and geometry constraints to allow an adequate GPS navigation solution. We present three solutions depending upon the epoch of the primary science: vernal equinox, summer solstice, and a third midway between the vernal equinox and summer solstice. Orbit insertion is also considered. All spacecraft are assumed to be launched on a single vehicle into a nominal orbit and the (Delta)V's to achieve the nominal orbit are presented. After insertion into the nominal orbit, each spacecraft undergoes a phasing maneuver to place it in the appropriate position with respect to the rest of the constellation. We present a minimum fuel approach to maneuver each spacecraft from the nominal orbit into the desired final orbit.
    Keywords: Astrodynamics
    Type: 16th International Symposium on Space Flight Dynamics; Pasadena, CA; United States
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    A Preliminary Formation Flying Orbit Dynamics Analysis for Leonardo-BRDF (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Leonardo-BRDF is a NASA mission concept proposed to allow the investigation of radiative transfer and its effect on the Earth's climate and atmospheric phenomenon. Enabled by the recent developments in small-satellite and formation flying technology, the mission is envisioned to be composed of an array of spacecraft in carefully designed orbits. The different perspectives provided by a distributed array of spacecraft offer a unique advantage to study the Earth's albedo. This paper presents the orbit dynamics analysis performed in the context of the Leonardo-BRDF science requirements. First, the albedo integral is investigated and the effect of viewing geometry on science return is studied. The method used in this paper, based on Gauss quadrature, provides the optimal formation geometry to ensure that the value of the integral is accurately approximated. An orbit design approach is presented to achieve specific relative orbit geometries while simultaneously satisfying orbit dynamics constraints to reduce formation-keeping fuel expenditure. The relative geometry afforded by the design is discussed in terms of mission requirements. An optimal two-burn initialization scheme is presented with the required delta-V to distribute all spacecraft from a common parking orbit into their appropriate orbits in the formation. Finally, formation-keeping strategies are developed and the associated delta-V's are calculated to maintain the formation in the presence of perturbations.
    Keywords: Astrodynamics
    Type: 2001 Flight Mechanics Symposium; 131; NASA/CP-2001-209986
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Investigation of Acoustic Fields for the Cassini Spacecraft: Reverberant Versus Launch Environments (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The characterization and understanding of the acoustic field within a launch vehicle's payload fairing (PLF) is critical to the qualification of a spacecraft and ultimately to the success of its mission. Acoustic measurements taken recently for the Cassini mission have allowed unique opportunities to advance the aerospace industry's knowledge in this field. Prior to its launch, the expected liftoff acoustic environment of the spacecraft was investigated in a full-scale acoustic test of a Titan IV PLF and Cassini simulator in a reverberant test chamber. A major goal of this acoustic ground test was to quantify and verify the noise reduction performance of special barrier blankets that were designed especially to reduce the Cassirii acoustic environment. This paper will describe both the ground test and flight measurements, and compare the Cassini acoustic environment measured during launch with that measured earlier in the ground test. Special emphasis will be given to the noise reduction performance of the barrier blankets and to the acoustic coherence measured within the PLF.
    Keywords: Acoustics
    Type: NASA/TM-2000-209387 , E-11814 , AIAA Paper 99-1985 , NAS 1.15:209387 , Aerocoustics; May 10, 1999 - May 12, 1999; Bellevue, WA; United States
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  • 6
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    Optimal Reconfiguration of Tetrahedral Formations (2004)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-10
    Description: The problem of minimum-fuel formation reconfiguration for the Magnetospheric Multi-Scale (MMS) mission is studied. This reconfiguration trajectory optimization problem can be posed as a nonlinear optimal control problem. In this research, this optimal control problem is solved using a spectral collocation method called the Gauss pseudospectral method. The objective of this research is to provide highly accurate minimum-fuel solutions to the MMS formation reconfiguration problem and to gain insight into the underlying structure of fuel-optimal trajectories.
    Keywords: Astrodynamics
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  • 7
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    Recent Advances in Vibroacoustics (2002)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-10
    Description: Numerous vibroacoustics advances and impacts in the aerospace industry have occurred over the last 15 years. This article addresses some of these that developed from engineering programmatic task-work at the NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field.
    Keywords: Acoustics
    Type: NASA/TM-2002-211697 , NAS 1.15:211697 , E-13429
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  • 8
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    Concepts and Development of Bio-Inspired Distributed Embedded Wired/Wireless Sensor Array Architectures for Acoustic Wave Sensing in Integrated Aerospace Vehicles (2003)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper discusses the modeling of acoustic emissions in plate structures and their sensing by embedded or surface bonded piezoelectric sensor arrays. Three different modeling efforts for acoustic emission (AE) wave generation and propagation are discussed briefly along with their advantages and disadvantages. Continuous sensors placed at right angles on a plate are being discussed as a new approach to measure and locate the source of acoustic waves. Evolutionary novel signal processing algorithms and bio-inspired distributed sensor array systems are used on large structures and integrated aerospace vehicles for AE source localization and preliminary results are presented. These systems allow for a great reduction in the amount of data that needs to be processed and also reduce the chances of false alarms from ambient noises. It is envisioned that these biomimetic sensor arrays and signal processing techniques will be useful for both wireless and wired sensor arrays for real time health monitoring of large integrated aerospace vehicles and earth fixed civil structures. The sensor array architectures can also be used with other types of sensors and for other applications.
    Keywords: Acoustics
    Type: 4th International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring 2003; Sep 15, 2003 - Sep 17, 2003; Stanford, CA; United States
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  • 9
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    Relative Navigation for Formation Flying of Spacecraft (2001)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-10
    Description: This paper presents a robust and efficient approach for relative navigation and attitude estimation of spacecraft flying in formation. This approach uses measurements from a new optical sensor that provides a line of sight vector from the master spacecraft to the secondary satellite. The overall system provides a novel, reliable, and autonomous relative navigation and attitude determination system, employing relatively simple electronic circuits with modest digital signal processing requirements and is fully independent of any external systems. Experimental calibration results are presented, which are used to achieve accurate line of sight measurements. State estimation for formation flying is achieved through an optimal observer design. Also, because the rotational and translational motions are coupled through the observation vectors, three approaches are suggested to separate both signals just for stability analysis. Simulation and experimental results indicate that the combined sensor/estimator approach provides accurate relative position and attitude estimates.
    Keywords: Astrodynamics
    Type: 2001 Flight Mechanics Symposium; 115-129; NASA/CP-2001-209986
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