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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On-line coupling of solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography with atomic emission detection for analysis of trace pollutants in aqueous samples (1995)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 40 (1995), S. 119-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Atomic emission detection ; Aqueous samples ; Solid-phase extraction ; Organophosphorus pesticides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An on-line, solid-phase extraction gas chromatography atomic-emission detection (SPE-GC-AED) system has been set up using an on-column interface to transfer 100 μl of desorbing solvent to the GC part of the system. Analytical characteristics such as recovery, precision and linearity of calibration plots were comparable with those of the off-line combination of SPE-GC-AED using organophosphorus pesticides as test compounds. The fully on-line set-up causes a marked improvement in detection because of the quantitative transfer of the analytes from the SPE module to the GC: detection limits are as low as 5–20 ng l−1 for the analysis of 10 ml raw and spiked surface water samples using the phosphorus channel. Detection levels can be further enhanced by processing up to 100 ml samples. The integrated analytical system is robust. The potential of the on-line set up has been demonstrated for the analysis of surface water and waste water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02272157
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Data correlation in on-line solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography-atomic emission/mass spectrometric detection of unknown microcontaminants (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 273-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Atomic emission and MS detection ; Solid-phase extraction ; Aqueous samples
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A procedure is described for the (non-target) screening of hetero-atom-containing compounds in tap and waste water by correlating data obtained by gas chromatography (GC) using atomic emission (AED) and mass selective (MS) detection. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was coupled on-line to both GC systems to enable the determination of microcontaminants at the 0.02–1 μg L−1 level in 7–50 mL of aqueous sample. The screening was limited to compounds present in at least one heteroatom-selective GC-AED trace above a predetermined concentration level. These compounds were identified by their partial formulae (AED) and the corresponding mass spectra, which were obtained from the GC-MS chromatogram via the retention index concept. The potential of the approach was demonstrated by the identification of target compounds as well as all unknowns present in tap and waste water above the predetermined threshold of 0.05 μg L−1 (tap water) or 0.5 μg L−1 (waste water).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467683
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liquid chromatographic trace enrichment with on-line capillary gas chromatography for the determination of organic pollutants in aqueous samples (1987)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 10 (1987), S. 17-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Coupled LC-GC ; Retention gap ; LC trace enrichment ; Aqueous samples ; Organic pollutants ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Trace enrichment for the GC analysis of a series of chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in aqueous samples has been achieved through a simple on-line technique involving sorption on an LC micro-precolumn followed by direct elution into a gas chromatograph with hexane. A 5-m retention gap coupled to the capillary GC column served as the recipient of a relatively large sample volume (ca. 100 μl) introduced into the GC. Partially concurrent solvent evaporation during sample introduction allowed a large sample capacity. Recoveries of more than 95% were observed for the majority of the compounds studied. Using 1.0 ml aqueous samples, detection limits of less than 1 ppt were found. The applicability of the developed method was demonstrated for a river water sample.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240100104
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On-line solid phase extraction - thermal desorption for introduction of large volumes of aqueous samples into a gas chromatograph (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 455-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: LC-GC ; Aqueous samples ; Solid phase extraction ; Thermal desorption ; PTV ; Tenax GC© ; Reversed phase adsorbent ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new approach to the introduction of large aqueous samples into a gas chromatograph, solid phase extraction - thermal desorption, is presented. Carrier gas pushes the sample through a packed liner mounted in a programmed temperature vaporizer; analytes retained by the packing material are thermally desorbed after drying of the adsorbent. The sorption properties and thermal stability of some packing materials have been studied off-line. Tenax GC®, and octyl-modified silica silylated with diphenyltetramethyldisilazane to improve its thermal stability, appeared to be suitable materials.The drying period and the desorption temperature are critical for satisfactory performance of the method. When Tenax GC® is used as packing material, thermal desorption at 250°C for 15 min gives quantitative recovery for methyl esters up to hexacosanoic acid methyl ester. With the silylated octyl-modified silica, the application range is limited to the methyl esters of decanoic to octadecanoic acids.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240140707
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of a temperature programmed injector with a packed liner for direct water analysis and on-line reversed phase LC-GC (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 16 (1993), S. 459-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: LC-GC ; Aqueous samples ; Large volume injection ; PTV injector ; Solid-phase extraction ; Thermal desorption ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A system is described that allows the introduction of large volumes of water samples in capillary GC. Water elimination is carried out in the solvent split mode in a PTV injector with a packed liner. Two ways of separating water and analytes, i.e. evaporative and non-evaporative (solid-phase extraction), are compared. Sampling in the solid-phase extraction mode is favorable both in terms of recovery as well as with regard to sampling time. Quantitative recovery is obtained for priority pollutants ranging in volatility from dimethyl-phenol to phenanthrene. Losses occur for more volatile compounds, but even for these compounds the repeatability of the recoveries remains acceptable. With the system described here, water samples up to at least 1 ml of water can be directly analyzed. The detection limits are in the sub-ppb range.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240160803
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