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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2003-02-22
    Description: Micropatterning of single crystals for technological applications is a complex, multistep process. Nature provides alternative fabrication strategies, when crystals with exquisite micro-ornamentation directly develop within preorganized frameworks. We report a bio-inspired approach to growing large micropatterned single crystals. Micropatterned templates organically modified to induce the formation of metastable amorphous calcium carbonate were imprinted with calcite nucleation sites. The template-directed deposition and crystallization of the amorphous phase resulted in the fabrication of millimeter-sized single calcite crystals with sub-10-micron patterns and controlled crystallographic orientation. We suggest that in addition to regulating the shape, micropatterned frameworks act as sites for stress and impurity release during the amorphous-to-crystalline transition. The proposed mechanisms may have direct biological relevance and broad implications in materials synthesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aizenberg, Joanna -- Muller, David A -- Grazul, John L -- Hamann, D R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 21;299(5610):1205-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Bell Laboratories/Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, NJ 07974, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12595685" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium Carbonate/*chemistry ; Crystallization ; Crystallography ; Echinodermata/chemistry ; *Macromolecular Substances ; Microscopy, Electron ; Organic Chemicals/*chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2001-02-07
    Description: The disulfide reducing enzymes glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase are highly conserved among bacteria, fungi, worms, and mammals. These proteins maintain intracellular redox homeostasis to protect the organism from oxidative damage. Here we demonstrate the absence of glutathione reductase in Drosophila melanogaster, identify a new type of thioredoxin reductase, and provide evidence that a thioredoxin system supports GSSG reduction. Our data suggest that antioxidant defense in Drosophila, and probably in related insects, differs fundamentally from that in other organisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kanzok, S M -- Fechner, A -- Bauer, H -- Ulschmid, J K -- Muller, H M -- Botella-Munoz, J -- Schneuwly, S -- Schirmer, R -- Becker, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 26;291(5504):643-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center of Biochemistry, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11158675" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Drosophila melanogaster/*enzymology/genetics/metabolism ; Genes, Insect ; Glutathione/*metabolism ; Glutathione Disulfide/metabolism ; Glutathione Reductase/*metabolism ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; NADP/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Sequence Alignment ; Species Specificity ; Substrate Specificity ; Thioredoxin-Disulfide Reductase/antagonists & ; inhibitors/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1999-09-08
    Description: Studies on pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have been hindered by lack of a positive marker, comparable to the CD34 marker of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). In human postnatal hematopoietic tissues, 0.1 to 0.5% of CD34(+) cells expressed vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2, also known as KDR). Pluripotent HSCs were restricted to the CD34+KDR+ cell fraction. Conversely, lineage-committed HPCs were in the CD34+KDR- subset. On the basis of limiting dilution analysis, the HSC frequency in the CD34+KDR+ fraction was 20 percent in bone marrow (BM) by mouse xenograft assay and 25 to 42 percent in BM, peripheral blood, and cord blood by 12-week long-term culture (LTC) assay. The latter values rose to 53 to 63 percent in LTC supplemented with VEGF and to greater than 95 percent for the cell subfraction resistant to growth factor starvation. Thus, KDR is a positive functional marker defining stem cells and distinguishing them from progenitors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ziegler, B L -- Valtieri, M -- Porada, G A -- De Maria, R -- Muller, R -- Masella, B -- Gabbianelli, M -- Casella, I -- Pelosi, E -- Bock, T -- Zanjani, E D -- Peschle, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 3;285(5433):1553-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Tubingen, Otfried-Muller-Strasse 10, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477517" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD34/*analysis ; Bone Marrow Cells/cytology ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Separation ; Cells, Cultured ; Endothelial Growth Factors/pharmacology ; Female ; Fetal Blood/cytology ; Fetus ; Flow Cytometry ; *Hematopoiesis ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/chemistry/*cytology/drug effects/physiology ; Humans ; Lymphokines/pharmacology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred NOD ; Mice, SCID ; Phenotype ; Pregnancy ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*analysis/physiology ; Receptors, Growth Factor/*analysis/physiology ; Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ; Sheep ; Transplantation, Heterologous ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 4
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-08-28
    Description: Complex cells in striate cortex of macaque showed a rapid pattern-specific adaptation. Adaptation made cells more sensitive to orientation change near the adapting orientation. It reduced correlations among the responses of populations of cells, thereby increasing the information transmitted by each action potential. These changes were brought about by brief exposures to stationary patterns, on the time scale of a single fixation. Thus, if successive fixations expose neurons' receptive fields to images with similar but not identical structure, adaptation will remove correlations and improve discriminability.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Muller, J R -- Metha, A B -- Krauskopf, J -- Lennie, P -- EY01319/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY04440/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY06638/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 27;285(5432):1405-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Visual Science and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA. jim@monkeybiz.stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10464100" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Evoked Potentials, Visual ; Fixation, Ocular ; Macaca fascicularis ; Neurons/*physiology ; *Pattern Recognition, Visual ; *Photic Stimulation ; Time Factors ; Visual Cortex/cytology/*physiology
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: Steroid receptors bind to site-specific response elements in chromatin and modulate gene expression in a hormone-dependent fashion. With the use of a tandem array of mouse mammary tumor virus reporter elements and a form of glucocorticoid receptor labeled with green fluorescent protein, targeting of the receptor to response elements in live mouse cells was observed. Photobleaching experiments provide direct evidence that the hormone-occupied receptor undergoes rapid exchange between chromatin and the nucleoplasmic compartment. Thus, the interaction of regulatory proteins with target sites in chromatin is a more dynamic process than previously believed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McNally, J G -- Muller, W G -- Walker, D -- Wolford, R -- Hager, G L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 18;287(5456):1262-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Building 41, Room B602, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10678832" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Chromatin/*metabolism ; Dexamethasone/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Ligands ; Luminescent Proteins ; Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics ; Mice ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Nucleosomes/metabolism ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid/*metabolism ; *Response Elements ; *Terminal Repeat Sequences
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  • 6
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-08-14
    Description: The life history of medflies is characterized by two physiological modes with different demographic schedules of fertility and survival: a waiting mode in which both mortality and reproduction are low and a reproductive mode in which mortality is very low at the onset of egg laying but accelerates as eggs are laid. Medflies stay in waiting mode when they are fed only sugar. When fed protein, a scarce resource in the wild, medflies switch to reproductive mode. Medflies that switch from waiting to reproductive mode survive longer than medflies kept in either mode exclusively. An understanding of the physiological shift that occurs between the waiting and reproductive modes may yield information about the fundamental processes that determine longevity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carey, J R -- Liedo, P -- Muller, H G -- Wang, J L -- Vaupel, J W -- AG-08761/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 14;281(5379):996-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. jrcarey@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9703516" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging/*physiology ; Animals ; Dietary Proteins ; Drosophila ; Female ; Longevity ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Reproduction/physiology
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2000-09-23
    Description: Insulin receptors (IRs) and insulin signaling proteins are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system (CNS). To study the physiological role of insulin signaling in the brain, we created mice with a neuron-specific disruption of the IR gene (NIRKO mice). Inactivation of the IR had no impact on brain development or neuronal survival. However, female NIRKO mice showed increased food intake, and both male and female mice developed diet-sensitive obesity with increases in body fat and plasma leptin levels, mild insulin resistance, elevated plasma insulin levels, and hypertriglyceridemia. NIRKO mice also exhibited impaired spermatogenesis and ovarian follicle maturation because of hypothalamic dysregulation of luteinizing hormone. Thus, IR signaling in the CNS plays an important role in regulation of energy disposal, fuel metabolism, and reproduction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bruning, J C -- Gautam, D -- Burks, D J -- Gillette, J -- Schubert, M -- Orban, P C -- Klein, R -- Krone, W -- Muller-Wieland, D -- Kahn, C R -- DK31036/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK55326-01A2/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 22;289(5487):2122-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Klinik II und Poliklinik fur Innere Medizin and Center of Molecular Medicine (ZMMK) der Universitat zu Koln, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 9, 50931 Cologne, Germany. jens.bruening@uni-koeln.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11000114" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipose Tissue ; Animals ; Blood Glucose/analysis ; *Body Weight ; Brain/*metabolism ; Eating ; Female ; Hypertriglyceridemia/etiology ; Insulin/blood/*physiology ; Insulin Resistance ; Leptin/blood ; Leuprolide/pharmacology ; Luteinizing Hormone/blood ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Neurons/metabolism ; Obesity/etiology ; Ovarian Follicle/physiology ; Receptor, Insulin/genetics/*physiology ; *Reproduction ; Sex Characteristics ; Signal Transduction ; Spermatogenesis
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2001-11-10
    Description: The molecular mechanisms controlling synaptogenesis in the central nervous system (CNS) are poorly understood. Previous reports showed that a glia-derived factor strongly promotes synapse development in cultures of purified CNS neurons. Here, we identify this factor as cholesterol complexed to apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins. CNS neurons produce enough cholesterol to survive and grow, but the formation of numerous mature synapses demands additional amounts that must be provided by glia. Thus, the availability of cholesterol appears to limit synapse development. This may explain the delayed onset of CNS synaptogenesis after glia differentiation and neurobehavioral manifestations of defects in cholesterol or lipoprotein homeostasis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mauch, D H -- Nagler, K -- Schumacher, S -- Goritz, C -- Muller, E C -- Otto, A -- Pfrieger, F W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 9;294(5545):1354-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Synapse Group and, Protein Chemistry Group, Max-Delbruck-Center for Molecular Medicine, D-13092 Berlin, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11701931" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anticholesteremic Agents/pharmacology ; Apolipoproteins E/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cholesterol/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Lovastatin/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Neuroglia/*metabolism ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Phosphatidylcholines/pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/metabolism/*physiology ; Sphingomyelins/pharmacology ; Synapses/drug effects/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1997-06-27
    Description: Long-term potentiation (LTP), a cellular model of learning and memory, requires calcium-dependent protein kinases. Induction of LTP increased the phosphorus-32 labeling of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors (AMPA-Rs), which mediate rapid excitatory synaptic transmission. This AMPA-R phosphorylation appeared to be catalyzed by Ca2+- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM-KII): (i) it correlated with the activation and autophosphorylation of CaM-KII, (ii) it was blocked by the CaM-KII inhibitor KN-62, and (iii) its phosphorus-32 peptide map was the same as that of GluR1 coexpressed with activated CaM-KII in HEK-293 cells. This covalent modulation of AMPA-Rs in LTP provides a postsynaptic molecular mechanism for synaptic plasticity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barria, A -- Muller, D -- Derkach, V -- Griffith, L C -- Soderling, T R -- NS27037/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM054408/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 27;276(5321):2042-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vollum Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9197267" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology ; Hippocampus/*metabolism ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; *Long-Term Potentiation/drug effects ; Male ; Peptide Mapping ; Phosphorylation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, AMPA/*metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
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  • 10
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-08-07
    Description: The two lineages of T cells, alphabeta and gammadelta, differ in their developmental requirements: only alphabeta T cells require major histocompatibility complex recognition, a process known as positive selection. The alphabeta T cell receptor (TCR), but not its gammadelta counterpart, contains a motif within the alpha-chain connecting peptide domain (alpha-CPM) that has been conserved over the last 500 million years. In transgenic mice expressing an alphabeta TCR lacking the alpha-CPM, thymocytes were blocked in positive selection but could undergo negative selection. Thus, the alpha-CPM seems to participate in the generation of signals required for positive selection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Backstrom, B T -- Muller, U -- Hausmann, B -- Palmer, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 7;281(5378):835-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Basel Institute for Immunology, CH-4005 Basel, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9694657" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology ; Antigens, CD3/analysis ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cell Lineage ; Cells, Cultured ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology ; Ligands ; Lymphocyte Count ; Membrane Proteins/analysis ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Nude ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology/metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/analysis ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/*chemistry/genetics/*immunology ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/*immunology ; Thymus Gland/immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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