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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The radical initiation of vinyl polymerization by α.α.α′.α′-Tetrasubstituted dibenzyls (1972)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 157 (1972), S. 279-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Im Temperaturbereich von 60 bis 100°C wird die radikalische Polymerisation von Styrol, Methylmethacrylat und Acrylnitril von α.α′-Dicyanodibenzylen ausgelöst, die in α-und α′-Stellung mit Ester-, Nitril-, Amid- oder Phenylgruppen disubstituiert sind. Bei 100 bis 110°C ist auch das α.α.α′.α′-Tetracarboxymethyldibenzyl aktiv. Vinylacetat und Vinylchlorid werden durch diese Initiatoren kaum polymerisiert.Fur die Polymerisation des Styrols wurden die Bruttogeschwindigkeitskonstanten Kp, für viele Dibenzyle und fur Peroxide vergleichbarer Aktivitat dilatornetrisch bestirnrnt. Norrnalerweise sind die Zeit-Urnsatz-Kurven rnit den Dibenzylen und den Peroxiden vergleichbar; das Tetracyanodibenzyl allerdings bewirkt nur eine unvollstandige Polymerisation.Der große Einfiuß von Substituenten in α-Stellung oder in den Phenylringen der Dibenzyle auf die Polymerisation des Styrols wird diskutiert. Dabei ist auch die Stereochernie wichtig. Die meso-Form des Dinitrildiesters ergibt eine 2.5- bis 3.5 ma1 schnellere Polyrnerisation als das dl-Isornere.Die Dissoziationsgeschwindigkeitskonstanten kd der Initiatoren wurden NMR-spektroskopisch aus der Linienbreite bestirnmt. Die Dinitrildiester sind gute Initiatoren, wahrend die α.α′-Dicyanodibenzyle rnit weiteren Nitril- oder Phenylgruppen in α- und α′-Stellung wenig geeignet sind. SchlieBlich wurde die 1.2-Addition einiger der Dibenzyle an Styrol im Ternperaturbereich von 120 bis 150°C rnit der Methode der chernisch induzierten KernPolarisation (CIDNP) untersucht.
    Notes: The radical polymerization of styrene, methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile is initiated by α.α′-dicyanodibenzyls α.α′-disubstituted with ester, nitrile, amide or phenyl groups in the temperature range 60 to 100°C and by α.α.α′.α′-tetracarboxymethyldibenzyl at 100 to 110°C. Vinylacetate and vinylchloride show a low reactivity.The overall polymerization rate constants Kp have been determined dilatometrically for styrene initiated by a large number of dibenzyls and comparable peroxides. The styrene polymerization curves are generally comparable with those of peroxides. A notable exception is tetracyanodibenzyl.The strong influence of α- and ring-substituents in the dibenzyls on the styrene polymerization rate is discussed. The stereochemistry is also important : the meso α.α′-dicyanodibenzyls α.α′-disubstituted with ester groups give a 2.5 to 3.5 fold faster polymerization than their dl isomers.The initiator efficiency is related to the kd values, determined from NMR line width measurements. The α.α′- dicyanodibenzyls α.α′-disubstituted with ester groups are good initiators, while those with phenyl groups and nitrile groups are inefficient.Relevant to initiation and termination, the 1.2-addition of some of the dimers to styrene at 120 to 150°C has been studied with chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP).
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1972.021570128
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histological and ultrastructural appearance of the hydroxyapatite-bone interface (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 24 (1990), S. 829-845 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This article describes the histological and ultrastructural appearance of the interface created in the implantation bed, between bone tissue and implants made of dense sintered hydroxyapatite (HA). Biopsies from dog subjects included: (a) loaded permucosal dental implants for tooth substitution, (b) subperiosteally placed implants for alveolar bone correction, (c) endosseously placed dental root implants to retain ridge form following extraction. The light and electron microscopical results show extensive bone apposition on the osseous sides of the implant surfaces. There is an intimate, direct bone contact without any visible interruption. The bone is of normal lamellar type and continuously connected with the trabecular bone. Bone has grown into the finest surface irregularities of the implant. Collagen fibers of the calcified bone matrix are observed within a distance less than 500 Å from the implant surface. The thin (20-100 Å) electron dense layer at the bone-implant interface resembled the lamina limitans of organic bone matrix, also seen at the inner walls of the osteocytes lacunes. Deposition of bone gives rise to a biologically stable bone-implant interface, without disturbance of the physiological bone turnover. This is seen as very favorable for desired long term fixation of implant to bone.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820240704
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  • 3
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    Zika virus in the Americas: Early epidemiological and genetic findings (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-26
    Description: Brazil has experienced an unprecedented epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV), with ~30,000 cases reported to date. ZIKV was first detected in Brazil in May 2015, and cases of microcephaly potentially associated with ZIKV infection were identified in November 2015. We performed next-generation sequencing to generate seven Brazilian ZIKV genomes sampled from four self-limited cases, one blood donor, one fatal adult case, and one newborn with microcephaly and congenital malformations. Results of phylogenetic and molecular clock analyses show a single introduction of ZIKV into the Americas, which we estimated to have occurred between May and December 2013, more than 12 months before the detection of ZIKV in Brazil. The estimated date of origin coincides with an increase in air passengers to Brazil from ZIKV-endemic areas, as well as with reported outbreaks in the Pacific Islands. ZIKV genomes from Brazil are phylogenetically interspersed with those from other South American and Caribbean countries. Mapping mutations onto existing structural models revealed the context of viral amino acid changes present in the outbreak lineage; however, no shared amino acid changes were found among the three currently available virus genomes from microcephaly cases. Municipality-level incidence data indicate that reports of suspected microcephaly in Brazil best correlate with ZIKV incidence around week 17 of pregnancy, although this correlation does not demonstrate causation. Our genetic description and analysis of ZIKV isolates in Brazil provide a baseline for future studies of the evolution and molecular epidemiology of this emerging virus in the Americas.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Faria, Nuno Rodrigues -- Azevedo, Raimunda do Socorro da Silva -- Kraemer, Moritz U G -- Souza, Renato -- Cunha, Mariana Sequetin -- Hill, Sarah C -- Theze, Julien -- Bonsall, Michael B -- Bowden, Thomas A -- Rissanen, Ilona -- Rocco, Iray Maria -- Nogueira, Juliana Silva -- Maeda, Adriana Yurika -- Vasami, Fernanda Giseli da Silva -- Macedo, Fernando Luiz de Lima -- Suzuki, Akemi -- Rodrigues, Sueli Guerreiro -- Cruz, Ana Cecilia Ribeiro -- Nunes, Bruno Tardeli -- Medeiros, Daniele Barbosa de Almeida -- Rodrigues, Daniela Sueli Guerreiro -- Nunes Queiroz, Alice Louize -- da Silva, Eliana Vieira Pinto -- Henriques, Daniele Freitas -- Travassos da Rosa, Elisabeth Salbe -- de Oliveira, Consuelo Silva -- Martins, Livia Caricio -- Vasconcelos, Helena Baldez -- Casseb, Livia Medeiros Neves -- Simith, Darlene de Brito -- Messina, Jane P -- Abade, Leandro -- Lourenco, Jose -- Carlos Junior Alcantara, Luiz -- de Lima, Maricelia Maia -- Giovanetti, Marta -- Hay, Simon I -- de Oliveira, Rodrigo Santos -- Lemos, Poliana da Silva -- de Oliveira, Layanna Freitas -- de Lima, Clayton Pereira Silva -- da Silva, Sandro Patroca -- de Vasconcelos, Janaina Mota -- Franco, Luciano -- Cardoso, Jedson Ferreira -- Vianez-Junior, Joao Lidio da Silva Goncalves -- Mir, Daiana -- Bello, Gonzalo -- Delatorre, Edson -- Khan, Kamran -- Creatore, Marisa -- Coelho, Giovanini Evelim -- de Oliveira, Wanderson Kleber -- Tesh, Robert -- Pybus, Oliver G -- Nunes, Marcio R T -- Vasconcelos, Pedro F C -- 090532/Z/09/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 095066/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 102427/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- MR/L009528/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- R24 AT 120942/AT/NCCIH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Apr 15;352(6283):345-9. doi: 10.1126/science.aaf5036. Epub 2016 Mar 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Technological Innovation, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA 67030-000, Brazil. Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. ; Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Para State, Brazil. ; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. ; Instituto Adolfo Lutz, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. ; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. ; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. Metabiota, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA. ; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. ; Centre of Post Graduation in Collective Health, Department of Health, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil. ; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, USA. Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. ; Center for Technological Innovation, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA 67030-000, Brazil. ; Laboratorio de AIDS and Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ; Brazilian Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil. ; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA. ; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. Metabiota, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA. oliver.pybus@zoo.ox.ac.uk marcionunesbrasil@yahoo.com.br pedrovasconcelos@iec.pa.gov.br. ; Center for Technological Innovation, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA 67030-000, Brazil. Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA. oliver.pybus@zoo.ox.ac.uk marcionunesbrasil@yahoo.com.br pedrovasconcelos@iec.pa.gov.br. ; Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Para State, Brazil. oliver.pybus@zoo.ox.ac.uk marcionunesbrasil@yahoo.com.br pedrovasconcelos@iec.pa.gov.br.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27013429" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aedes/virology ; Americas/epidemiology ; Animals ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Genome, Viral/genetics ; Humans ; Incidence ; Insect Vectors/virology ; Microcephaly/*epidemiology/virology ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Pacific Islands/epidemiology ; Phylogeny ; Pregnancy ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Travel ; Zika Virus/classification/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Zika Virus Infection/*epidemiology/transmission/*virology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Seventy-five genetic loci influencing the human red blood cell (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-12
    Description: Anaemia is a chief determinant of global ill health, contributing to cognitive impairment, growth retardation and impaired physical capacity. To understand further the genetic factors influencing red blood cells, we carried out a genome-wide association study of haemoglobin concentration and related parameters in up to 135,367 individuals. Here we identify 75 independent genetic loci associated with one or more red blood cell phenotypes at P 〈 10(-8), which together explain 4-9% of the phenotypic variance per trait. Using expression quantitative trait loci and bioinformatic strategies, we identify 121 candidate genes enriched in functions relevant to red blood cell biology. The candidate genes are expressed preferentially in red blood cell precursors, and 43 have haematopoietic phenotypes in Mus musculus or Drosophila melanogaster. Through open-chromatin and coding-variant analyses we identify potential causal genetic variants at 41 loci. Our findings provide extensive new insights into genetic mechanisms and biological pathways controlling red blood cell formation and function.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3623669/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3623669/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉van der Harst, Pim -- Zhang, Weihua -- Mateo Leach, Irene -- Rendon, Augusto -- Verweij, Niek -- Sehmi, Joban -- Paul, Dirk S -- Elling, Ulrich -- Allayee, Hooman -- Li, Xinzhong -- Radhakrishnan, Aparna -- Tan, Sian-Tsung -- Voss, Katrin -- Weichenberger, Christian X -- Albers, Cornelis A -- Al-Hussani, Abtehale -- Asselbergs, Folkert W -- Ciullo, Marina -- Danjou, Fabrice -- Dina, Christian -- Esko, Tonu -- Evans, David M -- Franke, Lude -- Gogele, Martin -- Hartiala, Jaana -- Hersch, Micha -- Holm, Hilma -- Hottenga, Jouke-Jan -- Kanoni, Stavroula -- Kleber, Marcus E -- Lagou, Vasiliki -- Langenberg, Claudia -- Lopez, Lorna M -- Lyytikainen, Leo-Pekka -- Melander, Olle -- Murgia, Federico -- Nolte, Ilja M -- O'Reilly, Paul F -- Padmanabhan, Sandosh -- Parsa, Afshin -- Pirastu, Nicola -- Porcu, Eleonora -- Portas, Laura -- Prokopenko, Inga -- Ried, Janina S -- Shin, So-Youn -- Tang, Clara S -- Teumer, Alexander -- Traglia, Michela -- Ulivi, Sheila -- Westra, Harm-Jan -- Yang, Jian -- Zhao, Jing Hua -- Anni, Franco -- Abdellaoui, Abdel -- Attwood, Antony -- Balkau, Beverley -- Bandinelli, Stefania -- Bastardot, Francois -- Benyamin, Beben -- Boehm, Bernhard O -- Cookson, William O -- Das, Debashish -- de Bakker, Paul I W -- de Boer, Rudolf A -- de Geus, Eco J C -- de Moor, Marleen H -- Dimitriou, Maria -- Domingues, Francisco S -- Doring, Angela -- Engstrom, Gunnar -- Eyjolfsson, Gudmundur Ingi -- Ferrucci, Luigi -- Fischer, Krista -- Galanello, Renzo -- Garner, Stephen F -- Genser, Bernd -- Gibson, Quince D -- Girotto, Giorgia -- Gudbjartsson, Daniel Fannar -- Harris, Sarah E -- Hartikainen, Anna-Liisa -- Hastie, Claire E -- Hedblad, Bo -- Illig, Thomas -- Jolley, Jennifer -- Kahonen, Mika -- Kema, Ido P -- Kemp, John P -- Liang, Liming -- Lloyd-Jones, Heather -- Loos, Ruth J F -- Meacham, Stuart -- Medland, Sarah E -- Meisinger, Christa -- Memari, Yasin -- Mihailov, Evelin -- Miller, Kathy -- Moffatt, Miriam F -- Nauck, Matthias -- Novatchkova, Maria -- Nutile, Teresa -- Olafsson, Isleifur -- Onundarson, Pall T -- Parracciani, Debora -- Penninx, Brenda W -- Perseu, Lucia -- Piga, Antonio -- Pistis, Giorgio -- Pouta, Anneli -- Puc, Ursula -- Raitakari, Olli -- Ring, Susan M -- Robino, Antonietta -- Ruggiero, Daniela -- Ruokonen, Aimo -- Saint-Pierre, Aude -- Sala, Cinzia -- Salumets, Andres -- Sambrook, Jennifer -- Schepers, Hein -- Schmidt, Carsten Oliver -- Sillje, Herman H W -- Sladek, Rob -- Smit, Johannes H -- Starr, John M -- Stephens, Jonathan -- Sulem, Patrick -- Tanaka, Toshiko -- Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur -- Tragante, Vinicius -- van Gilst, Wiek H -- van Pelt, L Joost -- van Veldhuisen, Dirk J -- Volker, Uwe -- Whitfield, John B -- Willemsen, Gonneke -- Winkelmann, Bernhard R -- Wirnsberger, Gerald -- Algra, Ale -- Cucca, Francesco -- d'Adamo, Adamo Pio -- Danesh, John -- Deary, Ian J -- Dominiczak, Anna F -- Elliott, Paul -- Fortina, Paolo -- Froguel, Philippe -- Gasparini, Paolo -- Greinacher, Andreas -- Hazen, Stanley L -- Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta -- Khaw, Kay Tee -- Lehtimaki, Terho -- Maerz, Winfried -- Martin, Nicholas G -- Metspalu, Andres -- Mitchell, Braxton D -- Montgomery, Grant W -- Moore, Carmel -- Navis, Gerjan -- Pirastu, Mario -- Pramstaller, Peter P -- Ramirez-Solis, Ramiro -- Schadt, Eric -- Scott, James -- Shuldiner, Alan R -- Smith, George Davey -- Smith, J Gustav -- Snieder, Harold -- Sorice, Rossella -- Spector, Tim D -- Stefansson, Kari -- Stumvoll, Michael -- Tang, W H Wilson -- Toniolo, Daniela -- Tonjes, Anke -- Visscher, Peter M -- Vollenweider, Peter -- Wareham, Nicholas J -- Wolffenbuttel, Bruce H R -- Boomsma, Dorret I -- Beckmann, Jacques S -- Dedoussis, George V -- Deloukas, Panos -- Ferreira, Manuel A -- Sanna, Serena -- Uda, Manuela -- Hicks, Andrew A -- Penninger, Josef Martin -- Gieger, Christian -- Kooner, Jaspal S -- Ouwehand, Willem H -- Soranzo, Nicole -- Chambers, John C -- 092731/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 097117/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 14136/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- CZB/4/505/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- ETM/55/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- G0600705/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0700704/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0801056/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G1000143/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G1002084/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G9815508/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- HHSN268201100005C/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HHSN268201100006C/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HHSN268201100007C/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HHSN268201100008C/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HHSN268201100009C/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HHSN268201100010C/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HHSN268201100011C/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HHSN268201100012C/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HHSN271201100005C/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- K12 RR023250/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- MC_U106179471/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U106188470/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- N01AG12109/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01 HL076491/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P01 HL098055/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P20 HL113452/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK072488/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG018728/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA165001/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM053275/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD042157/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL059367/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL086694/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL087641/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL087679/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL088119/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL103866/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL103931/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 LM010098/LM/NLM NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH081802/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- RG/09/012/28096/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- RL1 MH083268/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01 GM074518/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG004402/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL072515/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL084756/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U24 MH068457/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U54 RR020278/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UL1 RR025005/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR000439/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Dec 20;492(7429):369-75. doi: 10.1038/nature11677. Epub 2012 Dec 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands. p.van.der.harst@umcg.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23222517" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Cycle/genetics ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; Erythrocytes/cytology/*metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation/genetics ; *Genetic Loci ; *Genome-Wide Association Study ; Hematopoiesis/genetics ; Hemoglobins/genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Organ Specificity ; *Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; RNA Interference ; Signal Transduction/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermally stable polymers: Novel aromatic polyamides (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials 7 (1995), S. 148-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19950070208
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modern methods for the analysis of urea formaldehyde resins (1976)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 54 (1976), S. 187-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Moderne instrumentelle Methoden wurden zur Analyse von Harnstoff-Formaldehyd-Harzen verwendet. Ein ausführliches Studium der Silylierung des Harzes mittels BSTFA (N,O-Bistrimethylsilyltrifluoracetamid) ermöglicht die quantitative gaschromatographische Bestimmung der niedermolekularen Verbindungen Harnstoff, Monomethylolharnstoff und Dimethylolharnstoff. Das Verhältnis zwischen nieder- und hochmolekularen Verbindungen sowie die Mengen an niedermolekularen Verbindungen können mittels GPC-Analyse auf Sephadex LH 20 in Wasser ermittelt werden.Ein vollständiges Bild des Harzes erhält man durch 220 MHz 1H-NMR-Analyse von Lösungen von gefriergetrockneten Proben in DMSO-d6. Zusammen mit den Ergebnissen klassischer chemischer Analysen ergeben die Resultate der drei genannten Techniken einen guten Überblick über den Aufbau eines Harnstoff-Formaldehyd-Harzes.
    Notes: Modern instrumental techniques were used for analysing water-based urea-formaldehyde resins. An exhaustive study was made of the silylation of such a resin with BSTFA (N,O-bistrimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide). From the gas chromatograms the amounts of urea, monomethylol urea and dimethylol urea can be determined quantitatively, thus giving information on the low molecular weight part of the resin. The ratio of low to high molecular weight components as well as the amounts of several low molecular weight compounds can be estimated from a GPC analysis on Sephadex LH 20 in water. A detailed picture of the resin is obtained when freeze-dried samples are subjected to 220 MHz 1H-NMR analysis in DMSO-d6.An overall insight into the composition of these resins can be gained when the results of the mentioned techniques are combined with those of classical chemical analyses.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1976.050540114
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aromatic polyamides with imide pendent groupsPresented in part at the IUPAC Symposium on Macromolecules, Strasbourg, July 1981. (1983)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 111 (1983), S. 17-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Aromatische Polyamide mit Imidseitengruppen wurden aus 4,4′-Diaminodiphenylether und Imid-Disäurechloriden durch Lösungspolykondensation hergestellt. Die verwendeten Imid-Disäurechloride umfaßten die Disäurechloride von 5-Maleinimidoisophthalsäure, 5-Dichlormaleinimidoisophthalsäure, 5-Tetrahydrophthalimidoisophthalsäure, 5-Hexachlorendomethylentetrahydrophthalimidoisophthalsäure, 5-Endomethylentetrahydrophthalimidoisophthalsäure, 5-Methylenendomethylentetrahydrophthalimidoisophthalsäure, und 5-Phthalimidoisophthalsäure. Das reine aromatische Polyamid aus 4,4′-Diaminodiphenylether und Isophthaloylchlorid wurde zu Vergleichszwecken ebenfalls hergestellt.Polyamidimide sind in polaren organischen Lösungsmitteln löslich und zeigen gute thermische Beständigkeit. Sie können Filme bilden, die gute mechanische Eigenschaften haben. Diejenigen Polyamidimide, die ungesättigte Kohlenstoff-Kohlenstoff-Bindungen enthalten, können durch Erhitzen auf 220°C vernetzen und geben unlösliche Materialien mit verbesserter mechanischer Festigkeit.
    Notes: Aromatic polyamides with imide pendent groups were prepared from 4,4′-diaminodiphenylether and imide-diacid chlorides by solution polycondensation. Imidediacid chlorides used included the diacid chlorides of 5-maleimidoisophthalic, 5-dichloromaleimidoisophthalic, 5-tetrahydrophthalimidoisophthalic, 5-chlorendimidoisophthalic, 5-nadimidoisophthalic, 5-methylnadimidoisophthalic and 5-phthalimidoisophthalic acid. The pure aromatic polyamide from 4,4′-diaminodiphenylether and isophthaloyl chloride was also prepared for comparative reasons.Polyamide-imides are soluble in polar organic solvents and show good thermal resistance. They are film-forming and the films have good mechanical properties. Those polyamide-imides which contain unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds may be crosslinked by heating to 220°C, giving rise to insoluble materials with improved mechanical resistance.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1983.051110102
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stereoselective polymerization of butadiene by a new dicationic nickel complex (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 33-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der neuartige dikationische Komplex [dppfNi(MeCN)4][BF4]2 (dppf = 1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphin)ferrocen) zeigte in Anwesenheit von Diethylaluminiumchlorid (AIEt2CI) hohe Aktivität für die Polymerisation von 1,3-Butadien. Reaktionsdauer, Temperatur und das Aluminium/Nickel-Verhältnis wurden auf maximale Aktivität und Selektivität optimiert. Umsätze über 90% konnten erreicht werden. Im Vergleich zu Polybutadienen, die mit anderen Nickel-Phosphin-Systemen hergestellt wurden, zeigten die synthetisierten Polybutadiene höhere cis-1,4-Anteile (〈80%) und eine geringe Bildung von 1,2-Einheiten (2%). Alle Polymeren hatten niedrige mittlere Molekulargewichte (Mw 〉 11 800).
    Notes: The new dicationic nickel complex [dppfNi(MeCN)4][BF4]2 (dppf = 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) in the presence of diethylaluminium chloride (AIEt2CI) exhibited high activity on the 1,3-butadiene polymerization. Reaction time, temperature and aluminium/nickel molar ratio were optimized in order to achieve maximum activity and selectivity. Conversions higher than 90% were obtained in contrast to other nickel-based systems using phosphine ligands, the resulting polybutadiene showed high cis-1,4 (〈80%) content and only small amount of 1,2-units (2%). All polymers presented low molecular weights (Mw 〉 11 800).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052390104
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    13C-NMR analysis of formaldehyde resins (1977)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 62 (1977), S. 7-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie wurde zur Analyse von Formaldehyd-Harzen verwendet. Aus Phenolen, Harnstoff und Melamin wurden mit Formalin Harze hergestellt. Die chemischen Verschiebungen dieser Harze wurden relativ zu TMS gemessen. Alle Harze waren in DMSO-d6 löslich, so daß die Signale von unterschiedlichen Harzen verglichen werden konnten.Die Spektren wurden mit Hilfe der Spektren von Referenzsubstanzen und einfachen, auf Additivität basierenden Rechenregeln interpretiert. Jeder Harztyp hat sein eigenes spezifisches Spektrum und enthält Signale, die über die Struktur im Zusammenhang mit dem Katalysatortyp und der Kondensationsweise Auskunft erteilen. Die unterschiedlichen Formen, in denen Formaldehyd in diese Harze als Methylenkohlenstoff eingebaut ist, lassen sich unzweideutig aus dem Gebiet von 20 bis 100 ppm bestimmen.Diese Arbeit zeigt, daß sich die 13C-NMR Spektroskopie sehr gut für die Analyse von Formaldehydharzen eignet.
    Notes: 13C-NMR spectroscopy has been applied to the analysis of formaldehyde containing resins. Samples have been prepared from phenols, urea and melamine with formaldehyde. The chemical shifts of the carbon atoms in the resins were measured relative to TMS. All the samples could be dissolved in DMSO-d6 which facilitated the comparison of signals in different resins.The spectra were interpreted with the aid of spectra of reference compounds and simple calculations based on additivity increments. Each type of resin gives a specific 13C-NMR spectrum in which lines can be assigned that give information on the structure of the resin in relation to the type of condensation or catalyst used. Moreover, the different ways in which formaldehyde is incorporated in the resins as methylene carbon can be unambiguously determined from the region between 20 and 100 ppm.This work shows that 13C-NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the analysis of formaldehyde containing resins.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1977.050620102
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crosslinkable copolyisophthalamides (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 139 (1986), S. 113-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Copolyamide mit Nadimidseitengruppen wurden durch Polykondensation von 5-(5-Norbornen-2,3-dicarboximido)-isophthaloylchlorid (NCIC) und Isophthaloylchlorid mit Bis(4-aminophenyl)-methan hergestellt, wobei die verwendeten Verhältnisse der beiden Dicarbonsäurechloride 0/100, 10/90, 15/85, 20/80, 25/75, 50/50 und 100/0 betrugen. Durch 1H-NMR Untersuchung wurde festgestellt, daß die Zusammensetzung der entstehenden Copolyamide mit der der ursprünglichen Monomermischungen übereinstimmte.Die Eigenschaften der Copolyamide, wie Löslichkeit, Glasübergangstemperatur und thermische Beständigkeit, wurden gemessen und bezüglich der Zusammensetzungen interpretiert. Die Vernetzung der Copolymeren wurde mittels DSC studiert und ein Vergleich ihrer Eigenschaften vor und nach der thermischen Vernetzung durchgeführt.Der Einfluß der Vernetzung auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften der Copolyamidfolien wurde ebenfalls gemessen.
    Notes: Copolyisophthalamides with nadimide pendent groups have been prepared by polycondensation of 5(5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboximido)isophthaloyl chloride (NCIC) and isophthaloyl chloride with bis(4-aminophenyl)methane, the ratio between both diacid chlorides being 0/100, 10/90, 15/85, 20/80, 25/75, 50/50, and 100/0. By 1H-NMR it has been proved that the composition of the copolymers closely coincided with the ratio of monomer's feeds.Properties such as solubility, glass transition temperatures, and thermal resistance have been measured and related to the copolymer's composition. Crosslinking studies have been carried out by DSC, and a comparison of properties of copolymers before and after thermal crosslinking has been made. The effect of crosslinking on the mechanical strength of copolymer films has also been measured.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1986.051390111
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