ALBERT

Description: To understand the biology and evolution of ruminants, the cattle genome was sequenced to about sevenfold coverage. The cattle genome contains a minimum of 22,000 genes, with a core set of 14,345 orthologs shared among seven mammalian species of which 1217 are absent or undetected in noneutherian (marsupial or monotreme) genomes. Cattle-specific evolutionary breakpoint regions in chromosomes have a higher density of segmental duplications, enrichment of repetitive elements, and species-specific variations in genes associated with lactation and immune responsiveness. Genes involved in metabolism are generally highly conserved, although five metabolic genes are deleted or extensively diverged from their human orthologs. The cattle genome sequence thus provides a resource for understanding mammalian evolution and accelerating livestock genetic improvement for milk and meat production.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2943200/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2943200/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bovine Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium -- Elsik, Christine G -- Tellam, Ross L -- Worley, Kim C -- Gibbs, Richard A -- Muzny, Donna M -- Weinstock, George M -- Adelson, David L -- Eichler, Evan E -- Elnitski, Laura -- Guigo, Roderic -- Hamernik, Debora L -- Kappes, Steve M -- Lewin, Harris A -- Lynn, David J -- Nicholas, Frank W -- Reymond, Alexandre -- Rijnkels, Monique -- Skow, Loren C -- Zdobnov, Evgeny M -- Schook, Lawrence -- Womack, James -- Alioto, Tyler -- Antonarakis, Stylianos E -- Astashyn, Alex -- Chapple, Charles E -- Chen, Hsiu-Chuan -- Chrast, Jacqueline -- Camara, Francisco -- Ermolaeva, Olga -- Henrichsen, Charlotte N -- Hlavina, Wratko -- Kapustin, Yuri -- Kiryutin, Boris -- Kitts, Paul -- Kokocinski, Felix -- Landrum, Melissa -- Maglott, Donna -- Pruitt, Kim -- Sapojnikov, Victor -- Searle, Stephen M -- Solovyev, Victor -- Souvorov, Alexandre -- Ucla, Catherine -- Wyss, Carine -- Anzola, Juan M -- Gerlach, Daniel -- Elhaik, Eran -- Graur, Dan -- Reese, Justin T -- Edgar, Robert C -- McEwan, John C -- Payne, Gemma M -- Raison, Joy M -- Junier, Thomas -- Kriventseva, Evgenia V -- Eyras, Eduardo -- Plass, Mireya -- Donthu, Ravikiran -- Larkin, Denis M -- Reecy, James -- Yang, Mary Q -- Chen, Lin -- Cheng, Ze -- Chitko-McKown, Carol G -- Liu, George E -- Matukumalli, Lakshmi K -- Song, Jiuzhou -- Zhu, Bin -- Bradley, Daniel G -- Brinkman, Fiona S L -- Lau, Lilian P L -- Whiteside, Matthew D -- Walker, Angela -- Wheeler, Thomas T -- Casey, Theresa -- German, J Bruce -- Lemay, Danielle G -- Maqbool, Nauman J -- Molenaar, Adrian J -- Seo, Seongwon -- Stothard, Paul -- Baldwin, Cynthia L -- Baxter, Rebecca -- Brinkmeyer-Langford, Candice L -- Brown, Wendy C -- Childers, Christopher P -- Connelley, Timothy -- Ellis, Shirley A -- Fritz, Krista -- Glass, Elizabeth J -- Herzig, Carolyn T A -- Iivanainen, Antti -- Lahmers, Kevin K -- Bennett, Anna K -- Dickens, C Michael -- Gilbert, James G R -- Hagen, Darren E -- Salih, Hanni -- Aerts, Jan -- Caetano, Alexandre R -- Dalrymple, Brian -- Garcia, Jose Fernando -- Gill, Clare A -- Hiendleder, Stefan G -- Memili, Erdogan -- Spurlock, Diane -- Williams, John L -- Alexander, Lee -- Brownstein, Michael J -- Guan, Leluo -- Holt, Robert A -- Jones, Steven J M -- Marra, Marco A -- Moore, Richard -- Moore, Stephen S -- Roberts, Andy -- Taniguchi, Masaaki -- Waterman, Richard C -- Chacko, Joseph -- Chandrabose, Mimi M -- Cree, Andy -- Dao, Marvin Diep -- Dinh, Huyen H -- Gabisi, Ramatu Ayiesha -- Hines, Sandra -- Hume, Jennifer -- Jhangiani, Shalini N -- Joshi, Vandita -- Kovar, Christie L -- Lewis, Lora R -- Liu, Yih-Shin -- Lopez, John -- Morgan, Margaret B -- Nguyen, Ngoc Bich -- Okwuonu, Geoffrey O -- Ruiz, San Juana -- Santibanez, Jireh -- Wright, Rita A -- Buhay, Christian -- Ding, Yan -- Dugan-Rocha, Shannon -- Herdandez, Judith -- Holder, Michael -- Sabo, Aniko -- Egan, Amy -- Goodell, Jason -- Wilczek-Boney, Katarzyna -- Fowler, Gerald R -- Hitchens, Matthew Edward -- Lozado, Ryan J -- Moen, Charles -- Steffen, David -- Warren, James T -- Zhang, Jingkun -- Chiu, Readman -- Schein, Jacqueline E -- Durbin, K James -- Havlak, Paul -- Jiang, Huaiyang -- Liu, Yue -- Qin, Xiang -- Ren, Yanru -- Shen, Yufeng -- Song, Henry -- Bell, Stephanie Nicole -- Davis, Clay -- Johnson, Angela Jolivet -- Lee, Sandra -- Nazareth, Lynne V -- Patel, Bella Mayurkumar -- Pu, Ling-Ling -- Vattathil, Selina -- Williams, Rex Lee Jr -- Curry, Stacey -- Hamilton, Cerissa -- Sodergren, Erica -- Wheeler, David A -- Barris, Wes -- Bennett, Gary L -- Eggen, Andre -- Green, Ronnie D -- Harhay, Gregory P -- Hobbs, Matthew -- Jann, Oliver -- Keele, John W -- Kent, Matthew P -- Lien, Sigbjorn -- McKay, Stephanie D -- McWilliam, Sean -- Ratnakumar, Abhirami -- Schnabel, Robert D -- Smith, Timothy -- Snelling, Warren M -- Sonstegard, Tad S -- Stone, Roger T -- Sugimoto, Yoshikazu -- Takasuga, Akiko -- Taylor, Jeremy F -- Van Tassell, Curtis P -- Macneil, Michael D -- Abatepaulo, Antonio R R -- Abbey, Colette A -- Ahola, Virpi -- Almeida, Iassudara G -- Amadio, Ariel F -- Anatriello, Elen -- Bahadue, Suria M -- Biase, Fernando H -- Boldt, Clayton R -- Carroll, Jeffery A -- Carvalho, Wanessa A -- Cervelatti, Eliane P -- Chacko, Elsa -- Chapin, Jennifer E -- Cheng, Ye -- Choi, Jungwoo -- Colley, Adam J -- de Campos, Tatiana A -- De Donato, Marcos -- Santos, Isabel K F de Miranda -- de Oliveira, Carlo J F -- Deobald, Heather -- Devinoy, Eve -- Donohue, Kaitlin E -- Dovc, Peter -- Eberlein, Annett -- Fitzsimmons, Carolyn J -- Franzin, Alessandra M -- Garcia, Gustavo R -- Genini, Sem -- Gladney, Cody J -- Grant, Jason R -- Greaser, Marion L -- Green, Jonathan A -- Hadsell, Darryl L -- Hakimov, Hatam A -- Halgren, Rob -- Harrow, Jennifer L -- Hart, Elizabeth A -- Hastings, Nicola -- Hernandez, Marta -- Hu, Zhi-Liang -- Ingham, Aaron -- Iso-Touru, Terhi -- Jamis, Catherine -- Jensen, Kirsty -- Kapetis, Dimos -- Kerr, Tovah -- Khalil, Sari S -- Khatib, Hasan -- Kolbehdari, Davood -- Kumar, Charu G -- Kumar, Dinesh -- Leach, Richard -- Lee, Justin C-M -- Li, Changxi -- Logan, Krystin M -- Malinverni, Roberto -- Marques, Elisa -- Martin, William F -- Martins, Natalia F -- Maruyama, Sandra R -- Mazza, Raffaele -- McLean, Kim L -- Medrano, Juan F -- Moreno, Barbara T -- More, Daniela D -- Muntean, Carl T -- Nandakumar, Hari P -- Nogueira, Marcelo F G -- Olsaker, Ingrid -- Pant, Sameer D -- Panzitta, Francesca -- Pastor, Rosemeire C P -- Poli, Mario A -- Poslusny, Nathan -- Rachagani, Satyanarayana -- Ranganathan, Shoba -- Razpet, Andrej -- Riggs, Penny K -- Rincon, Gonzalo -- Rodriguez-Osorio, Nelida -- Rodriguez-Zas, Sandra L -- Romero, Natasha E -- Rosenwald, Anne -- Sando, Lillian -- Schmutz, Sheila M -- Shen, Libing -- Sherman, Laura -- Southey, Bruce R -- Lutzow, Ylva Strandberg -- Sweedler, Jonathan V -- Tammen, Imke -- Telugu, Bhanu Prakash V L -- Urbanski, Jennifer M -- Utsunomiya, Yuri T -- Verschoor, Chris P -- Waardenberg, Ashley J -- Wang, Zhiquan -- Ward, Robert -- Weikard, Rosemarie -- Welsh, Thomas H Jr -- White, Stephen N -- Wilming, Laurens G -- Wunderlich, Kris R -- Yang, Jianqi -- Zhao, Feng-Qi -- 062023/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 077198/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- BBS/B/13438/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BBS/B/13446/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- P30 DA018310/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003273/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003273-04/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003273-04S1/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003273-05/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003273-05S1/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003273-05S2/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003273-06/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003273-06S1/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003273-06S2/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003273-07/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003273-08/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 24;324(5926):522-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1169588.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19390049" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The high degree of similarity between the mouse and human genomes is demonstrated through analysis of the sequence of mouse chromosome 16 (Mmu 16), which was obtained as part of a whole-genome shotgun assembly of the mouse genome. The mouse genome is about 10% smaller than the human genome, owing to a lower repetitive DNA content. Comparison of the structure and protein-coding potential of Mmu 16 with that of the homologous segments of the human genome identifies regions of conserved synteny with human chromosomes (Hsa) 3, 8, 12, 16, 21, and 22. Gene content and order are highly conserved between Mmu 16 and the syntenic blocks of the human genome. Of the 731 predicted genes on Mmu 16, 509 align with orthologs on the corresponding portions of the human genome, 44 are likely paralogous to these genes, and 164 genes have homologs elsewhere in the human genome; there are 14 genes for which we could find no human counterpart.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mural, Richard J -- Adams, Mark D -- Myers, Eugene W -- Smith, Hamilton O -- Miklos, George L Gabor -- Wides, Ron -- Halpern, Aaron -- Li, Peter W -- Sutton, Granger G -- Nadeau, Joe -- Salzberg, Steven L -- Holt, Robert A -- Kodira, Chinnappa D -- Lu, Fu -- Chen, Lin -- Deng, Zuoming -- Evangelista, Carlos C -- Gan, Weiniu -- Heiman, Thomas J -- Li, Jiayin -- Li, Zhenya -- Merkulov, Gennady V -- Milshina, Natalia V -- Naik, Ashwinikumar K -- Qi, Rong -- Shue, Bixiong Chris -- Wang, Aihui -- Wang, Jian -- Wang, Xin -- Yan, Xianghe -- Ye, Jane -- Yooseph, Shibu -- Zhao, Qi -- Zheng, Liansheng -- Zhu, Shiaoping C -- Biddick, Kendra -- Bolanos, Randall -- Delcher, Arthur L -- Dew, Ian M -- Fasulo, Daniel -- Flanigan, Michael J -- Huson, Daniel H -- Kravitz, Saul A -- Miller, Jason R -- Mobarry, Clark M -- Reinert, Knut -- Remington, Karin A -- Zhang, Qing -- Zheng, Xiangqun H -- Nusskern, Deborah R -- Lai, Zhongwu -- Lei, Yiding -- Zhong, Wenyan -- Yao, Alison -- Guan, Ping -- Ji, Rui-Ru -- Gu, Zhiping -- Wang, Zhen-Yuan -- Zhong, Fei -- Xiao, Chunlin -- Chiang, Chia-Chien -- Yandell, Mark -- Wortman, Jennifer R -- Amanatides, Peter G -- Hladun, Suzanne L -- Pratts, Eric C -- Johnson, Jeffery E -- Dodson, Kristina L -- Woodford, Kerry J -- Evans, Cheryl A -- Gropman, Barry -- Rusch, Douglas B -- Venter, Eli -- Wang, Mei -- Smith, Thomas J -- Houck, Jarrett T -- Tompkins, Donald E -- Haynes, Charles -- Jacob, Debbie -- Chin, Soo H -- Allen, David R -- Dahlke, Carl E -- Sanders, Robert -- Li, Kelvin -- Liu, Xiangjun -- Levitsky, Alexander A -- Majoros, William H -- Chen, Quan -- Xia, Ashley C -- Lopez, John R -- Donnelly, Michael T -- Newman, Matthew H -- Glodek, Anna -- Kraft, Cheryl L -- Nodell, Marc -- Ali, Feroze -- An, Hui-Jin -- Baldwin-Pitts, Danita -- Beeson, Karen Y -- Cai, Shuang -- Carnes, Mark -- Carver, Amy -- Caulk, Parris M -- Center, Angela -- Chen, Yen-Hui -- Cheng, Ming-Lai -- Coyne, My D -- Crowder, Michelle -- Danaher, Steven -- Davenport, Lionel B -- Desilets, Raymond -- Dietz, Susanne M -- Doup, Lisa -- Dullaghan, Patrick -- Ferriera, Steven -- Fosler, Carl R -- Gire, Harold C -- Gluecksmann, Andres -- Gocayne, Jeannine D -- Gray, Jonathan -- Hart, Brit -- Haynes, Jason -- Hoover, Jeffery -- Howland, Tim -- Ibegwam, Chinyere -- Jalali, Mena -- Johns, David -- Kline, Leslie -- Ma, Daniel S -- MacCawley, Steven -- Magoon, Anand -- Mann, Felecia -- May, David -- McIntosh, Tina C -- Mehta, Somil -- Moy, Linda -- Moy, Mee C -- Murphy, Brian J -- Murphy, Sean D -- Nelson, Keith A -- Nuri, Zubeda -- Parker, Kimberly A -- Prudhomme, Alexandre C -- Puri, Vinita N -- Qureshi, Hina -- Raley, John C -- Reardon, Matthew S -- Regier, Megan A -- Rogers, Yu-Hui C -- Romblad, Deanna L -- Schutz, Jakob -- Scott, John L -- Scott, Richard -- Sitter, Cynthia D -- Smallwood, Michella -- Sprague, Arlan C -- Stewart, Erin -- Strong, Renee V -- Suh, Ellen -- Sylvester, Karena -- Thomas, Reginald -- Tint, Ni Ni -- Tsonis, Christopher -- Wang, Gary -- Wang, George -- Williams, Monica S -- Williams, Sherita M -- Windsor, Sandra M -- Wolfe, Keriellen -- Wu, Mitchell M -- Zaveri, Jayshree -- Chaturvedi, Kabir -- Gabrielian, Andrei E -- Ke, Zhaoxi -- Sun, Jingtao -- Subramanian, Gangadharan -- Venter, J Craig -- Pfannkoch, Cynthia M -- Barnstead, Mary -- Stephenson, Lisa D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 31;296(5573):1661-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Celera Genomics, 45 West Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. richard.mural@celera.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12040188" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides are among the most important risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) and are targets for therapeutic intervention. We screened the genome for common variants associated with plasma lipids in 〉100,000 individuals of European ancestry. Here we report 95 significantly associated loci (P 〈 5 x 10(-8)), with 59 showing genome-wide significant association with lipid traits for the first time. The newly reported associations include single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near known lipid regulators (for example, CYP7A1, NPC1L1 and SCARB1) as well as in scores of loci not previously implicated in lipoprotein metabolism. The 95 loci contribute not only to normal variation in lipid traits but also to extreme lipid phenotypes and have an impact on lipid traits in three non-European populations (East Asians, South Asians and African Americans). Our results identify several novel loci associated with plasma lipids that are also associated with CAD. Finally, we validated three of the novel genes-GALNT2, PPP1R3B and TTC39B-with experiments in mouse models. Taken together, our findings provide the foundation to develop a broader biological understanding of lipoprotein metabolism and to identify new therapeutic opportunities for the prevention of CAD.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3039276/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3039276/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Teslovich, Tanya M -- Musunuru, Kiran -- Smith, Albert V -- Edmondson, Andrew C -- Stylianou, Ioannis M -- Koseki, Masahiro -- Pirruccello, James P -- Ripatti, Samuli -- Chasman, Daniel I -- Willer, Cristen J -- Johansen, Christopher T -- Fouchier, Sigrid W -- Isaacs, Aaron -- Peloso, Gina M -- Barbalic, Maja -- Ricketts, Sally L -- Bis, Joshua C -- Aulchenko, Yurii S -- Thorleifsson, Gudmar -- Feitosa, Mary F -- Chambers, John -- Orho-Melander, Marju -- Melander, Olle -- Johnson, Toby -- Li, Xiaohui -- Guo, Xiuqing -- Li, Mingyao -- Shin Cho, Yoon -- Jin Go, Min -- Jin Kim, Young -- Lee, Jong-Young -- Park, Taesung -- Kim, Kyunga -- Sim, Xueling -- Twee-Hee Ong, Rick -- Croteau-Chonka, Damien C -- Lange, Leslie A -- Smith, Joshua D -- Song, Kijoung -- Hua Zhao, Jing -- Yuan, Xin -- Luan, Jian'an -- Lamina, Claudia -- Ziegler, Andreas -- Zhang, Weihua -- Zee, Robert Y L -- Wright, Alan F -- Witteman, Jacqueline C M -- Wilson, James F -- Willemsen, Gonneke -- Wichmann, H-Erich -- Whitfield, John B -- Waterworth, Dawn M -- Wareham, Nicholas J -- Waeber, Gerard -- Vollenweider, Peter -- Voight, Benjamin F -- Vitart, Veronique -- Uitterlinden, Andre G -- Uda, Manuela -- Tuomilehto, Jaakko -- Thompson, John R -- Tanaka, Toshiko -- Surakka, Ida -- Stringham, Heather M -- Spector, Tim D -- Soranzo, Nicole -- Smit, Johannes H -- Sinisalo, Juha -- Silander, Kaisa -- Sijbrands, Eric J G -- Scuteri, Angelo -- Scott, James -- Schlessinger, David -- Sanna, Serena -- Salomaa, Veikko -- Saharinen, Juha -- Sabatti, Chiara -- Ruokonen, Aimo -- Rudan, Igor -- Rose, Lynda M -- Roberts, Robert -- Rieder, Mark -- Psaty, Bruce M -- Pramstaller, Peter P -- Pichler, Irene -- Perola, Markus -- Penninx, Brenda W J H -- Pedersen, Nancy L -- Pattaro, Cristian -- Parker, Alex N -- Pare, Guillaume -- Oostra, Ben A -- O'Donnell, Christopher J -- Nieminen, Markku S -- Nickerson, Deborah A -- Montgomery, Grant W -- Meitinger, Thomas -- McPherson, Ruth -- McCarthy, Mark I -- McArdle, Wendy -- Masson, David -- Martin, Nicholas G -- Marroni, Fabio -- Mangino, Massimo -- Magnusson, Patrik K E -- Lucas, Gavin -- Luben, Robert -- Loos, Ruth J F -- Lokki, Marja-Liisa -- Lettre, Guillaume -- Langenberg, Claudia -- Launer, Lenore J -- Lakatta, Edward G -- Laaksonen, Reijo -- Kyvik, Kirsten O -- Kronenberg, Florian -- Konig, Inke R -- Khaw, Kay-Tee -- Kaprio, Jaakko -- Kaplan, Lee M -- Johansson, Asa -- Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta -- Janssens, A Cecile J W -- Ingelsson, Erik -- Igl, Wilmar -- Kees Hovingh, G -- Hottenga, Jouke-Jan -- Hofman, Albert -- Hicks, Andrew A -- Hengstenberg, Christian -- Heid, Iris M -- Hayward, Caroline -- Havulinna, Aki S -- Hastie, Nicholas D -- Harris, Tamara B -- Haritunians, Talin -- Hall, Alistair S -- Gyllensten, Ulf -- Guiducci, Candace -- Groop, Leif C -- Gonzalez, Elena -- Gieger, Christian -- Freimer, Nelson B -- Ferrucci, Luigi -- Erdmann, Jeanette -- Elliott, Paul -- Ejebe, Kenechi G -- Doring, Angela -- Dominiczak, Anna F -- Demissie, Serkalem -- Deloukas, Panagiotis -- de Geus, Eco J C -- de Faire, Ulf -- Crawford, Gabriel -- Collins, Francis S -- Chen, Yii-der I -- Caulfield, Mark J -- Campbell, Harry -- Burtt, Noel P -- Bonnycastle, Lori L -- Boomsma, Dorret I -- Boekholdt, S Matthijs -- Bergman, Richard N -- Barroso, Ines -- Bandinelli, Stefania -- Ballantyne, Christie M -- Assimes, Themistocles L -- Quertermous, Thomas -- Altshuler, David -- Seielstad, Mark -- Wong, Tien Y -- Tai, E-Shyong -- Feranil, Alan B -- Kuzawa, Christopher W -- Adair, Linda S -- Taylor, Herman A Jr -- Borecki, Ingrid B -- Gabriel, Stacey B -- Wilson, James G -- Holm, Hilma -- Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur -- Gudnason, Vilmundur -- Krauss, Ronald M -- Mohlke, Karen L -- Ordovas, Jose M -- Munroe, Patricia B -- Kooner, Jaspal S -- Tall, Alan R -- Hegele, Robert A -- Kastelein, John J P -- Schadt, Eric E -- Rotter, Jerome I -- Boerwinkle, Eric -- Strachan, David P -- Mooser, Vincent -- Stefansson, Kari -- Reilly, Muredach P -- Samani, Nilesh J -- Schunkert, Heribert -- Cupples, L Adrienne -- Sandhu, Manjinder S -- Ridker, Paul M -- Rader, Daniel J -- van Duijn, Cornelia M -- Peltonen, Leena -- Abecasis, Goncalo R -- Boehnke, Michael -- Kathiresan, Sekar -- 068545/Z/02/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 076113/B/04/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 077016/Z/05/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 079895/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 1Z01 HG000024/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- 5R01DK06833603/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- 5R01DK07568102/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- 5R01HL087679-02/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- 5R01HL08770003/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- 5R01HL08821502/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- CA 047988/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CZB/4/710/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- DK062370/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK063491/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK072193/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK078150/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK56350/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- ES10126/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- G0000934/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0401527/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0601966/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0700931/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0701863/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0801056/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0801566/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G9521010/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G9521010D/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- HHSN268200625226C/PHS HHS/ -- HL 04381/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL 080467/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL-54776/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL085144/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- K99 HL098364/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- K99 HL098364-01/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- K99HL094535/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- M01-RR00425/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- MC_QA137934/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U106179471/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U106188470/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U127561128/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- N01 HC-15103/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01 HC-55222/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-AG-12100/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-25195/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-35129/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-45133/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-55015/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-55016/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-55018/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-55019/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-55020/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-55021/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-55022/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-75150/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-85079/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-85080/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-85081/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-85082/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-85083/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-85084/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-85085/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-85086/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HG-65403/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- N02-HL-6-4278/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- PG/02/128/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- PG/08/094/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- PG/08/094/26019/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- R01 DK072193/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK078150/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL087647/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL087676/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL089650/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01HL086694/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01HL087641/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01HL087652/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01HL59367/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R24 HD050924/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- RC1 HL099634/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- RC1 HL099634-02/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- RC1 HL099793/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- RC2 HL101864,/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- RC2 HL102419/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- RG/07/005/23633/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- RR20649/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- SP/08/005/25115/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- T32 GM007092/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 HG00040/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- T32HL007208/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- TW05596/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- U01 DK062370/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U01 DK062418/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL069757/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL080295/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01HG004402/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 RR020278/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UL1RR025005/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Aug 5;466(7307):707-13. doi: 10.1038/nature09270.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20686565" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The extent to which low-frequency (minor allele frequency (MAF) between 1-5%) and rare (MAF 〈/= 1%) variants contribute to complex traits and disease in the general population is mainly unknown. Bone mineral density (BMD) is highly heritable, a major predictor of osteoporotic fractures, and has been previously associated with common genetic variants, as well as rare, population-specific, coding variants. Here we identify novel non-coding genetic variants with large effects on BMD (ntotal = 53,236) and fracture (ntotal = 508,253) in individuals of European ancestry from the general population. Associations for BMD were derived from whole-genome sequencing (n = 2,882 from UK10K (ref. 10); a population-based genome sequencing consortium), whole-exome sequencing (n = 3,549), deep imputation of genotyped samples using a combined UK10K/1000 Genomes reference panel (n = 26,534), and de novo replication genotyping (n = 20,271). We identified a low-frequency non-coding variant near a novel locus, EN1, with an effect size fourfold larger than the mean of previously reported common variants for lumbar spine BMD (rs11692564(T), MAF = 1.6%, replication effect size = +0.20 s.d., Pmeta = 2 x 10(-14)), which was also associated with a decreased risk of fracture (odds ratio = 0.85; P = 2 x 10(-11); ncases = 98,742 and ncontrols = 409,511). Using an En1(cre/flox) mouse model, we observed that conditional loss of En1 results in low bone mass, probably as a consequence of high bone turnover. We also identified a novel low-frequency non-coding variant with large effects on BMD near WNT16 (rs148771817(T), MAF = 1.2%, replication effect size = +0.41 s.d., Pmeta = 1 x 10(-11)). In general, there was an excess of association signals arising from deleterious coding and conserved non-coding variants. These findings provide evidence that low-frequency non-coding variants have large effects on BMD and fracture, thereby providing rationale for whole-genome sequencing and improved imputation reference panels to study the genetic architecture of complex traits and disease in the general population.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4755714/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4755714/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zheng, Hou-Feng -- Forgetta, Vincenzo -- Hsu, Yi-Hsiang -- Estrada, Karol -- Rosello-Diez, Alberto -- Leo, Paul J -- Dahia, Chitra L -- Park-Min, Kyung Hyun -- Tobias, Jonathan H -- Kooperberg, Charles -- Kleinman, Aaron -- Styrkarsdottir, Unnur -- Liu, Ching-Ti -- Uggla, Charlotta -- Evans, Daniel S -- Nielson, Carrie M -- Walter, Klaudia -- Pettersson-Kymmer, Ulrika -- McCarthy, Shane -- Eriksson, Joel -- Kwan, Tony -- Jhamai, Mila -- Trajanoska, Katerina -- Memari, Yasin -- Min, Josine -- Huang, Jie -- Danecek, Petr -- Wilmot, Beth -- Li, Rui -- Chou, Wen-Chi -- Mokry, Lauren E -- Moayyeri, Alireza -- Claussnitzer, Melina -- Cheng, Chia-Ho -- Cheung, Warren -- Medina-Gomez, Carolina -- Ge, Bing -- Chen, Shu-Huang -- Choi, Kwangbom -- Oei, Ling -- Fraser, James -- Kraaij, Robert -- Hibbs, Matthew A -- Gregson, Celia L -- Paquette, Denis -- Hofman, Albert -- Wibom, Carl -- Tranah, Gregory J -- Marshall, Mhairi -- Gardiner, Brooke B -- Cremin, Katie -- Auer, Paul -- Hsu, Li -- Ring, Sue -- Tung, Joyce Y -- Thorleifsson, Gudmar -- Enneman, Anke W -- van Schoor, Natasja M -- de Groot, Lisette C P G M -- van der Velde, Nathalie -- Melin, Beatrice -- Kemp, John P -- Christiansen, Claus -- Sayers, Adrian -- Zhou, Yanhua -- Calderari, Sophie -- van Rooij, Jeroen -- Carlson, Chris -- Peters, Ulrike -- Berlivet, Soizik -- Dostie, Josee -- Uitterlinden, Andre G -- Williams, Stephen R -- Farber, Charles -- Grinberg, Daniel -- LaCroix, Andrea Z -- Haessler, Jeff -- Chasman, Daniel I -- Giulianini, Franco -- Rose, Lynda M -- Ridker, Paul M -- Eisman, John A -- Nguyen, Tuan V -- Center, Jacqueline R -- Nogues, Xavier -- Garcia-Giralt, Natalia -- Launer, Lenore L -- Gudnason, Vilmunder -- Mellstrom, Dan -- Vandenput, Liesbeth -- Amin, Najaf -- van Duijn, Cornelia M -- Karlsson, Magnus K -- Ljunggren, Osten -- Svensson, Olle -- Hallmans, Goran -- Rousseau, Francois -- Giroux, Sylvie -- Bussiere, Johanne -- Arp, Pascal P -- Koromani, Fjorda -- Prince, Richard L -- Lewis, Joshua R -- Langdahl, Bente L -- Hermann, A Pernille -- Jensen, Jens-Erik B -- Kaptoge, Stephen -- Khaw, Kay-Tee -- Reeve, Jonathan -- Formosa, Melissa M -- Xuereb-Anastasi, Angela -- Akesson, Kristina -- McGuigan, Fiona E -- Garg, Gaurav -- Olmos, Jose M -- Zarrabeitia, Maria T -- Riancho, Jose A -- Ralston, Stuart H -- Alonso, Nerea -- Jiang, Xi -- Goltzman, David -- Pastinen, Tomi -- Grundberg, Elin -- Gauguier, Dominique -- Orwoll, Eric S -- Karasik, David -- Davey-Smith, George -- AOGC Consortium -- Smith, Albert V -- Siggeirsdottir, Kristin -- Harris, Tamara B -- Zillikens, M Carola -- van Meurs, Joyce B J -- Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur -- Maurano, Matthew T -- Timpson, Nicholas J -- Soranzo, Nicole -- Durbin, Richard -- Wilson, Scott G -- Ntzani, Evangelia E -- Brown, Matthew A -- Stefansson, Kari -- Hinds, David A -- Spector, Tim -- Cupples, L Adrienne -- Ohlsson, Claes -- Greenwood, Celia M T -- UK10K Consortium -- Jackson, Rebecca D -- Rowe, David W -- Loomis, Cynthia A -- Evans, David M -- Ackert-Bicknell, Cheryl L -- Joyner, Alexandra L -- Duncan, Emma L -- Kiel, Douglas P -- Rivadeneira, Fernando -- Richards, J Brent -- G1000143/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- K01 AR062655/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- MC_UU_12013/3/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- R01 AG005394/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG005407/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG027574/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG027576/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR035582/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR035583/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- RC2 AR058973/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 AG018197/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- U01 AG042140/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- U01 AG042143/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- U01 AR045580/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 AR045583/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 AR045614/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 AR045632/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 AR045647/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 AR045654/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 AR066160/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Oct 1;526(7571):112-7. doi: 10.1038/nature14878. Epub 2015 Sep 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A2, Canada. ; Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3T 1E2, Canada. ; Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, USA. ; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands. ; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. ; Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane 4102, Australia. ; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Tissue Engineering, Regeneration and Repair Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York 10021, USA. ; Rheumatology Divison, Hospital for Special Surgery New York, New York 10021, USA. ; School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK. ; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK. ; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA. ; Department of Research, 23andMe, Mountain View, California 94041, USA. ; Department of Population Genomics, deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland. ; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. ; Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-413 45, Sweden. ; California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94158, USA. ; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. ; Bone &Mineral Unit, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK. ; Departments of Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences, Umea University, Umea S-901 87, Sweden. ; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea SE-901 87, Sweden. ; Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-413 45, Sweden. ; McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal H3A 0G1, Canada. ; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands. ; Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. ; Department of Medical and Clinical Informatics, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. ; Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK. ; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK. ; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1B1, Canada. ; Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands. ; Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada. ; Department of Computer Science, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, USA. ; Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK. ; Department of Radiation Sciences, Umea University, Umea S-901 87, Sweden. ; School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53726, USA. ; School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK. ; Department of Statistics, deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland. ; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1007 MB, The Netherlands. ; Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6700 EV, The Netherlands. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Section Geriatrics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105, The Netherlands. ; Nordic Bioscience, Herlev 2730, Denmark. ; Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM UMRS 1138, Paris 75006, France. ; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, University Pierre &Marie Curie, Paris 75013, France. ; Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Centre for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA. ; Department of Genetics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain. ; U-720, Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona 28029, Spain. ; Department of Human Molecular Genetics, The Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain. ; Women's Health Center of Excellence Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California - San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA. ; Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Osteoporosis &Bone Biology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney 2010, Australia. ; School of Medicine Sydney, University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney 6959, Australia. ; St. Vincent's Hospital &Clinical School, NSW University, Sydney 2010, Australia. ; Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques, Barcelona 08003, Spain. ; Cooperative Research Network on Aging and Fragility (RETICEF), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029, Spain. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain. ; Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur IS-201, Iceland. ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland. ; Genetic epidemiology unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands. ; Department of Orthopaedics, Skane University Hospital Malmo 205 02, Sweden. ; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Uppsala, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden. ; Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Umea Unviersity, Umea 901 85, Sweden. ; Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Universite Laval, Quebec City G1V 0A6, Canada. ; Axe Sante des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Sante, Centre de recherche du CHU de Quebec, Quebec City G1V 4G2, Canada. ; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands 6009, Australia. ; Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia. ; Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark. ; Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C 5000, Denmark. ; Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre 2650, Denmark. ; Clinical Gerontology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK. ; Medicine and Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK. ; Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK. ; Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta. ; Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmo, Lund University, 205 02, Sweden. ; Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital U.M. Valdecilla- IDIVAL, Santander 39008, Spain. ; Department of Legal Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain. ; Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. ; Department of Reconstructive Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA. ; Department of Medicine and Physiology, McGill University, Montreal H4A 3J1, Canada. ; Department of Medicine, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. ; Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 13010, Israel. ; Laboratory of Epidemiology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia. ; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina 45110, Greece. ; Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA. ; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland. ; Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA. ; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A2, Canada. ; Department of Oncology, Gerald Bronfman Centre, McGill University, Montreal H2W 1S6, Canada. ; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA. ; The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA. ; Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane 4029, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26367794" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: We report the sequence and analysis of the 814-megabase genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, a model for developmental and systems biology. The sequencing strategy combined whole-genome shotgun and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) sequences. This use of BAC clones, aided by a pooling strategy, overcame difficulties associated with high heterozygosity of the genome. The genome encodes about 23,300 genes, including many previously thought to be vertebrate innovations or known only outside the deuterostomes. This echinoderm genome provides an evolutionary outgroup for the chordates and yields insights into the evolution of deuterostomes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3159423/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3159423/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sea Urchin Genome Sequencing Consortium -- Sodergren, Erica -- Weinstock, George M -- Davidson, Eric H -- Cameron, R Andrew -- Gibbs, Richard A -- Angerer, Robert C -- Angerer, Lynne M -- Arnone, Maria Ina -- Burgess, David R -- Burke, Robert D -- Coffman, James A -- Dean, Michael -- Elphick, Maurice R -- Ettensohn, Charles A -- Foltz, Kathy R -- Hamdoun, Amro -- Hynes, Richard O -- Klein, William H -- Marzluff, William -- McClay, David R -- Morris, Robert L -- Mushegian, Arcady -- Rast, Jonathan P -- Smith, L Courtney -- Thorndyke, Michael C -- Vacquier, Victor D -- Wessel, Gary M -- Wray, Greg -- Zhang, Lan -- Elsik, Christine G -- Ermolaeva, Olga -- Hlavina, Wratko -- Hofmann, Gretchen -- Kitts, Paul -- Landrum, Melissa J -- Mackey, Aaron J -- Maglott, Donna -- Panopoulou, Georgia -- Poustka, Albert J -- Pruitt, Kim -- Sapojnikov, Victor -- Song, Xingzhi -- Souvorov, Alexandre -- Solovyev, Victor -- Wei, Zheng -- Whittaker, Charles A -- Worley, Kim -- Durbin, K James -- Shen, Yufeng -- Fedrigo, Olivier -- Garfield, David -- Haygood, Ralph -- Primus, Alexander -- Satija, Rahul -- Severson, Tonya -- Gonzalez-Garay, Manuel L -- Jackson, Andrew R -- Milosavljevic, Aleksandar -- Tong, Mark -- Killian, Christopher E -- Livingston, Brian T -- Wilt, Fred H -- Adams, Nikki -- Belle, Robert -- Carbonneau, Seth -- Cheung, Rocky -- Cormier, Patrick -- Cosson, Bertrand -- Croce, Jenifer -- Fernandez-Guerra, Antonio -- Geneviere, Anne-Marie -- Goel, Manisha -- Kelkar, Hemant -- Morales, Julia -- Mulner-Lorillon, Odile -- Robertson, Anthony J -- Goldstone, Jared V -- Cole, Bryan -- Epel, David -- Gold, Bert -- Hahn, Mark E -- Howard-Ashby, Meredith -- Scally, Mark -- Stegeman, John J -- Allgood, Erin L -- Cool, Jonah -- Judkins, Kyle M -- McCafferty, Shawn S -- Musante, Ashlan M -- Obar, Robert A -- Rawson, Amanda P -- Rossetti, Blair J -- Gibbons, Ian R -- Hoffman, Matthew P -- Leone, Andrew -- Istrail, Sorin -- Materna, Stefan C -- Samanta, Manoj P -- Stolc, Viktor -- Tongprasit, Waraporn -- Tu, Qiang -- Bergeron, Karl-Frederik -- Brandhorst, Bruce P -- Whittle, James -- Berney, Kevin -- Bottjer, David J -- Calestani, Cristina -- Peterson, Kevin -- Chow, Elly -- Yuan, Qiu Autumn -- Elhaik, Eran -- Graur, Dan -- Reese, Justin T -- Bosdet, Ian -- Heesun, Shin -- Marra, Marco A -- Schein, Jacqueline -- Anderson, Michele K -- Brockton, Virginia -- Buckley, Katherine M -- Cohen, Avis H -- Fugmann, Sebastian D -- Hibino, Taku -- Loza-Coll, Mariano -- Majeske, Audrey J -- Messier, Cynthia -- Nair, Sham V -- Pancer, Zeev -- Terwilliger, David P -- Agca, Cavit -- Arboleda, Enrique -- Chen, Nansheng -- Churcher, Allison M -- Hallbook, F -- Humphrey, Glen W -- Idris, Mohammed M -- Kiyama, Takae -- Liang, Shuguang -- Mellott, Dan -- Mu, Xiuqian -- Murray, Greg -- Olinski, Robert P -- Raible, Florian -- Rowe, Matthew -- Taylor, John S -- Tessmar-Raible, Kristin -- Wang, D -- Wilson, Karen H -- Yaguchi, Shunsuke -- Gaasterland, Terry -- Galindo, Blanca E -- Gunaratne, Herath J -- Juliano, Celina -- Kinukawa, Masashi -- Moy, Gary W -- Neill, Anna T -- Nomura, Mamoru -- Raisch, Michael -- Reade, Anna -- Roux, Michelle M -- Song, Jia L -- Su, Yi-Hsien -- Townley, Ian K -- Voronina, Ekaterina -- Wong, Julian L -- Amore, Gabriele -- Branno, Margherita -- Brown, Euan R -- Cavalieri, Vincenzo -- Duboc, Veronique -- Duloquin, Louise -- Flytzanis, Constantin -- Gache, Christian -- Lapraz, Francois -- Lepage, Thierry -- Locascio, Annamaria -- Martinez, Pedro -- Matassi, Giorgio -- Matranga, Valeria -- Range, Ryan -- Rizzo, Francesca -- Rottinger, Eric -- Beane, Wendy -- Bradham, Cynthia -- Byrum, Christine -- Glenn, Tom -- Hussain, Sofia -- Manning, Gerard -- Miranda, Esther -- Thomason, Rebecca -- Walton, Katherine -- Wikramanayke, Athula -- Wu, Shu-Yu -- Xu, Ronghui -- Brown, C Titus -- Chen, Lili -- Gray, Rachel F -- Lee, Pei Yun -- Nam, Jongmin -- Oliveri, Paola -- Smith, Joel -- Muzny, Donna -- Bell, Stephanie -- Chacko, Joseph -- Cree, Andrew -- Curry, Stacey -- Davis, Clay -- Dinh, Huyen -- Dugan-Rocha, Shannon -- Fowler, Jerry -- Gill, Rachel -- Hamilton, Cerrissa -- Hernandez, Judith -- Hines, Sandra -- Hume, Jennifer -- Jackson, Laronda -- Jolivet, Angela -- Kovar, Christie -- Lee, Sandra -- Lewis, Lora -- Miner, George -- Morgan, Margaret -- Nazareth, Lynne V -- Okwuonu, Geoffrey -- Parker, David -- Pu, Ling-Ling -- Thorn, Rachel -- Wright, Rita -- 2P42 ESO7381/PHS HHS/ -- 5 U54 HG003273/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- EY11930/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- F32 ESO12794/PHS HHS/ -- F32 HD047136/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- F32 HD047136-02/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- F32 HD047136-03/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- F32-HD47136/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- GM058231/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM070840/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM61005/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM61464/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HD-37105/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HD039948/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HD14483/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HD66219/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P30-CA14051/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 ES006272/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- R01 ES006272-13/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM070840/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD028152/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01ES006272/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- R37-HD12896/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- RR-15044/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- S19916/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- T32 GM007601/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003273/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 10;314(5801):941-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17095691" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Using data for 25,780 species categorized on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, we present an assessment of the status of the world's vertebrates. One-fifth of species are classified as Threatened, and we show that this figure is increasing: On average, 52 species of mammals, birds, and amphibians move one category closer to extinction each year. However, this overall pattern conceals the impact of conservation successes, and we show that the rate of deterioration would have been at least one-fifth again as much in the absence of these. Nonetheless, current conservation efforts remain insufficient to offset the main drivers of biodiversity loss in these groups: agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoffmann, Michael -- Hilton-Taylor, Craig -- Angulo, Ariadne -- Bohm, Monika -- Brooks, Thomas M -- Butchart, Stuart H M -- Carpenter, Kent E -- Chanson, Janice -- Collen, Ben -- Cox, Neil A -- Darwall, William R T -- Dulvy, Nicholas K -- Harrison, Lucy R -- Katariya, Vineet -- Pollock, Caroline M -- Quader, Suhel -- Richman, Nadia I -- Rodrigues, Ana S L -- Tognelli, Marcelo F -- Vie, Jean-Christophe -- Aguiar, John M -- Allen, David J -- Allen, Gerald R -- Amori, Giovanni -- Ananjeva, Natalia B -- Andreone, Franco -- Andrew, Paul -- Aquino Ortiz, Aida Luz -- Baillie, Jonathan E M -- Baldi, Ricardo -- Bell, Ben D -- Biju, S D -- Bird, Jeremy P -- Black-Decima, Patricia -- Blanc, J Julian -- Bolanos, Federico -- Bolivar-G, Wilmar -- Burfield, Ian J -- Burton, James A -- Capper, David R -- Castro, Fernando -- Catullo, Gianluca -- Cavanagh, Rachel D -- Channing, Alan -- Chao, Ning Labbish -- Chenery, Anna M -- Chiozza, Federica -- Clausnitzer, Viola -- Collar, Nigel J -- Collett, Leah C -- Collette, Bruce B -- Cortez Fernandez, Claudia F -- Craig, Matthew T -- Crosby, Michael J -- Cumberlidge, Neil -- Cuttelod, Annabelle -- Derocher, Andrew E -- Diesmos, Arvin C -- Donaldson, John S -- Duckworth, J W -- Dutson, Guy -- Dutta, S K -- Emslie, Richard H -- Farjon, Aljos -- Fowler, Sarah -- Freyhof, Jorg -- Garshelis, David L -- Gerlach, Justin -- Gower, David J -- Grant, Tandora D -- Hammerson, Geoffrey A -- Harris, Richard B -- Heaney, Lawrence R -- Hedges, S Blair -- Hero, Jean-Marc -- Hughes, Baz -- Hussain, Syed Ainul -- Icochea M, Javier -- Inger, Robert F -- Ishii, Nobuo -- Iskandar, Djoko T -- Jenkins, Richard K B -- Kaneko, Yoshio -- Kottelat, Maurice -- Kovacs, Kit M -- Kuzmin, Sergius L -- La Marca, Enrique -- Lamoreux, John F -- Lau, Michael W N -- Lavilla, Esteban O -- Leus, Kristin -- Lewison, Rebecca L -- Lichtenstein, Gabriela -- Livingstone, Suzanne R -- Lukoschek, Vimoksalehi -- Mallon, David P -- McGowan, Philip J K -- McIvor, Anna -- Moehlman, Patricia D -- Molur, Sanjay -- Munoz Alonso, Antonio -- Musick, John A -- Nowell, Kristin -- Nussbaum, Ronald A -- Olech, Wanda -- Orlov, Nikolay L -- Papenfuss, Theodore J -- Parra-Olea, Gabriela -- Perrin, William F -- Polidoro, Beth A -- Pourkazemi, Mohammad -- Racey, Paul A -- Ragle, James S -- Ram, Mala -- Rathbun, Galen -- Reynolds, Robert P -- Rhodin, Anders G J -- Richards, Stephen J -- Rodriguez, Lily O -- Ron, Santiago R -- Rondinini, Carlo -- Rylands, Anthony B -- Sadovy de Mitcheson, Yvonne -- Sanciangco, Jonnell C -- Sanders, Kate L -- Santos-Barrera, Georgina -- Schipper, Jan -- Self-Sullivan, Caryn -- Shi, Yichuan -- Shoemaker, Alan -- Short, Frederick T -- Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio -- Silvano, Debora L -- Smith, Kevin G -- Smith, Andrew T -- Snoeks, Jos -- Stattersfield, Alison J -- Symes, Andrew J -- Taber, Andrew B -- Talukdar, Bibhab K -- Temple, Helen J -- Timmins, Rob -- Tobias, Joseph A -- Tsytsulina, Katerina -- Tweddle, Denis -- Ubeda, Carmen -- Valenti, Sarah V -- van Dijk, Peter Paul -- Veiga, Liza M -- Veloso, Alberto -- Wege, David C -- Wilkinson, Mark -- Williamson, Elizabeth A -- Xie, Feng -- Young, Bruce E -- Akcakaya, H Resit -- Bennun, Leon -- Blackburn, Tim M -- Boitani, Luigi -- Dublin, Holly T -- da Fonseca, Gustavo A B -- Gascon, Claude -- Lacher, Thomas E Jr -- Mace, Georgina M -- Mainka, Susan A -- McNeely, Jeffery A -- Mittermeier, Russell A -- Reid, Gordon McGregor -- Rodriguez, Jon Paul -- Rosenberg, Andrew A -- Samways, Michael J -- Smart, Jane -- Stein, Bruce A -- Stuart, Simon N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 10;330(6010):1503-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1194442. Epub 2010 Oct 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉IUCN SSC Species Survival Commission, c/o United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK. mike.hoffmann@iucn.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20978281" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: A 2.91-billion base pair (bp) consensus sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome was generated by the whole-genome shotgun sequencing method. The 14.8-billion bp DNA sequence was generated over 9 months from 27,271,853 high-quality sequence reads (5.11-fold coverage of the genome) from both ends of plasmid clones made from the DNA of five individuals. Two assembly strategies-a whole-genome assembly and a regional chromosome assembly-were used, each combining sequence data from Celera and the publicly funded genome effort. The public data were shredded into 550-bp segments to create a 2.9-fold coverage of those genome regions that had been sequenced, without including biases inherent in the cloning and assembly procedure used by the publicly funded group. This brought the effective coverage in the assemblies to eightfold, reducing the number and size of gaps in the final assembly over what would be obtained with 5.11-fold coverage. The two assembly strategies yielded very similar results that largely agree with independent mapping data. The assemblies effectively cover the euchromatic regions of the human chromosomes. More than 90% of the genome is in scaffold assemblies of 100,000 bp or more, and 25% of the genome is in scaffolds of 10 million bp or larger. Analysis of the genome sequence revealed 26,588 protein-encoding transcripts for which there was strong corroborating evidence and an additional approximately 12,000 computationally derived genes with mouse matches or other weak supporting evidence. Although gene-dense clusters are obvious, almost half the genes are dispersed in low G+C sequence separated by large tracts of apparently noncoding sequence. Only 1.1% of the genome is spanned by exons, whereas 24% is in introns, with 75% of the genome being intergenic DNA. Duplications of segmental blocks, ranging in size up to chromosomal lengths, are abundant throughout the genome and reveal a complex evolutionary history. Comparative genomic analysis indicates vertebrate expansions of genes associated with neuronal function, with tissue-specific developmental regulation, and with the hemostasis and immune systems. DNA sequence comparisons between the consensus sequence and publicly funded genome data provided locations of 2.1 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A random pair of human haploid genomes differed at a rate of 1 bp per 1250 on average, but there was marked heterogeneity in the level of polymorphism across the genome. Less than 1% of all SNPs resulted in variation in proteins, but the task of determining which SNPs have functional consequences remains an open challenge.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Venter, J C -- Adams, M D -- Myers, E W -- Li, P W -- Mural, R J -- Sutton, G G -- Smith, H O -- Yandell, M -- Evans, C A -- Holt, R A -- Gocayne, J D -- Amanatides, P -- Ballew, R M -- Huson, D H -- Wortman, J R -- Zhang, Q -- Kodira, C D -- Zheng, X H -- Chen, L -- Skupski, M -- Subramanian, G -- Thomas, P D -- Zhang, J -- Gabor Miklos, G L -- Nelson, C -- Broder, S -- Clark, A G -- Nadeau, J -- McKusick, V A -- Zinder, N -- Levine, A J -- Roberts, R J -- Simon, M -- Slayman, C -- Hunkapiller, M -- Bolanos, R -- Delcher, A -- Dew, I -- Fasulo, D -- Flanigan, M -- Florea, L -- Halpern, A -- Hannenhalli, S -- Kravitz, S -- Levy, S -- Mobarry, C -- Reinert, K -- Remington, K -- Abu-Threideh, J -- Beasley, E -- Biddick, K -- Bonazzi, V -- Brandon, R -- Cargill, M -- Chandramouliswaran, I -- Charlab, R -- Chaturvedi, K -- Deng, Z -- Di Francesco, V -- Dunn, P -- Eilbeck, K -- Evangelista, C -- Gabrielian, A E -- Gan, W -- Ge, W -- Gong, F -- Gu, Z -- Guan, P -- Heiman, T J -- Higgins, M E -- Ji, R R -- Ke, Z -- Ketchum, K A -- Lai, Z -- Lei, Y -- Li, Z -- Li, J -- Liang, Y -- Lin, X -- Lu, F -- Merkulov, G V -- Milshina, N -- Moore, H M -- Naik, A K -- Narayan, V A -- Neelam, B -- Nusskern, D -- Rusch, D B -- Salzberg, S -- Shao, W -- Shue, B -- Sun, J -- Wang, Z -- Wang, A -- Wang, X -- Wang, J -- Wei, M -- Wides, R -- Xiao, C -- Yan, C -- Yao, A -- Ye, J -- Zhan, M -- Zhang, W -- Zhang, H -- Zhao, Q -- Zheng, L -- Zhong, F -- Zhong, W -- Zhu, S -- Zhao, S -- Gilbert, D -- Baumhueter, S -- Spier, G -- Carter, C -- Cravchik, A -- Woodage, T -- Ali, F -- An, H -- Awe, A -- Baldwin, D -- Baden, H -- Barnstead, M -- Barrow, I -- Beeson, K -- Busam, D -- Carver, A -- Center, A -- Cheng, M L -- Curry, L -- Danaher, S -- Davenport, L -- Desilets, R -- Dietz, S -- Dodson, K -- Doup, L -- Ferriera, S -- Garg, N -- Gluecksmann, A -- Hart, B -- Haynes, J -- Haynes, C -- Heiner, C -- Hladun, S -- Hostin, D -- Houck, J -- Howland, T -- Ibegwam, C -- Johnson, J -- Kalush, F -- Kline, L -- Koduru, S -- Love, A -- Mann, F -- May, D -- McCawley, S -- McIntosh, T -- McMullen, I -- Moy, M -- Moy, L -- Murphy, B -- Nelson, K -- Pfannkoch, C -- Pratts, E -- Puri, V -- Qureshi, H -- Reardon, M -- Rodriguez, R -- Rogers, Y H -- Romblad, D -- Ruhfel, B -- Scott, R -- Sitter, C -- Smallwood, M -- Stewart, E -- Strong, R -- Suh, E -- Thomas, R -- Tint, N N -- Tse, S -- Vech, C -- Wang, G -- Wetter, J -- Williams, S -- Williams, M -- Windsor, S -- Winn-Deen, E -- Wolfe, K -- Zaveri, J -- Zaveri, K -- Abril, J F -- Guigo, R -- Campbell, M J -- Sjolander, K V -- Karlak, B -- Kejariwal, A -- Mi, H -- Lazareva, B -- Hatton, T -- Narechania, A -- Diemer, K -- Muruganujan, A -- Guo, N -- Sato, S -- Bafna, V -- Istrail, S -- Lippert, R -- Schwartz, R -- Walenz, B -- Yooseph, S -- Allen, D -- Basu, A -- Baxendale, J -- Blick, L -- Caminha, M -- Carnes-Stine, J -- Caulk, P -- Chiang, Y H -- Coyne, M -- Dahlke, C -- Mays, A -- Dombroski, M -- Donnelly, M -- Ely, D -- Esparham, S -- Fosler, C -- Gire, H -- Glanowski, S -- Glasser, K -- Glodek, A -- Gorokhov, M -- Graham, K -- Gropman, B -- Harris, M -- Heil, J -- Henderson, S -- Hoover, J -- Jennings, D -- Jordan, C -- Jordan, J -- Kasha, J -- Kagan, L -- Kraft, C -- Levitsky, A -- Lewis, M -- Liu, X -- Lopez, J -- Ma, D -- Majoros, W -- McDaniel, J -- Murphy, S -- Newman, M -- Nguyen, T -- Nguyen, N -- Nodell, M -- Pan, S -- Peck, J -- Peterson, M -- Rowe, W -- Sanders, R -- Scott, J -- Simpson, M -- Smith, T -- Sprague, A -- Stockwell, T -- Turner, R -- Venter, E -- Wang, M -- Wen, M -- Wu, D -- Wu, M -- Xia, A -- Zandieh, A -- Zhu, X -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Feb 16;291(5507):1304-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Celera Genomics, 45 West Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. humangenome@celera.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11181995" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is an abundant primate species that diverged from the ancestors of Homo sapiens about 25 million years ago. Because they are genetically and physiologically similar to humans, rhesus monkeys are the most widely used nonhuman primate in basic and applied biomedical research. We determined the genome sequence of an Indian-origin Macaca mulatta female and compared the data with chimpanzees and humans to reveal the structure of ancestral primate genomes and to identify evidence for positive selection and lineage-specific expansions and contractions of gene families. A comparison of sequences from individual animals was used to investigate their underlying genetic diversity. The complete description of the macaque genome blueprint enhances the utility of this animal model for biomedical research and improves our understanding of the basic biology of the species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rhesus Macaque Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium -- Gibbs, Richard A -- Rogers, Jeffrey -- Katze, Michael G -- Bumgarner, Roger -- Weinstock, George M -- Mardis, Elaine R -- Remington, Karin A -- Strausberg, Robert L -- Venter, J Craig -- Wilson, Richard K -- Batzer, Mark A -- Bustamante, Carlos D -- Eichler, Evan E -- Hahn, Matthew W -- Hardison, Ross C -- Makova, Kateryna D -- Miller, Webb -- Milosavljevic, Aleksandar -- Palermo, Robert E -- Siepel, Adam -- Sikela, James M -- Attaway, Tony -- Bell, Stephanie -- Bernard, Kelly E -- Buhay, Christian J -- Chandrabose, Mimi N -- Dao, Marvin -- Davis, Clay -- Delehaunty, Kimberly D -- Ding, Yan -- Dinh, Huyen H -- Dugan-Rocha, Shannon -- Fulton, Lucinda A -- Gabisi, Ramatu Ayiesha -- Garner, Toni T -- Godfrey, Jennifer -- Hawes, Alicia C -- Hernandez, Judith -- Hines, Sandra -- Holder, Michael -- Hume, Jennifer -- Jhangiani, Shalini N -- Joshi, Vandita -- Khan, Ziad Mohid -- Kirkness, Ewen F -- Cree, Andrew -- Fowler, R Gerald -- Lee, Sandra -- Lewis, Lora R -- Li, Zhangwan -- Liu, Yih-Shin -- Moore, Stephanie M -- Muzny, Donna -- Nazareth, Lynne V -- Ngo, Dinh Ngoc -- Okwuonu, Geoffrey O -- Pai, Grace -- Parker, David -- Paul, Heidie A -- Pfannkoch, Cynthia -- Pohl, Craig S -- Rogers, Yu-Hui -- Ruiz, San Juana -- Sabo, Aniko -- Santibanez, Jireh -- Schneider, Brian W -- Smith, Scott M -- Sodergren, Erica -- Svatek, Amanda F -- Utterback, Teresa R -- Vattathil, Selina -- Warren, Wesley -- White, Courtney Sherell -- Chinwalla, Asif T -- Feng, Yucheng -- Halpern, Aaron L -- Hillier, Ladeana W -- Huang, Xiaoqiu -- Minx, Pat -- Nelson, Joanne O -- Pepin, Kymberlie H -- Qin, Xiang -- Sutton, Granger G -- Venter, Eli -- Walenz, Brian P -- Wallis, John W -- Worley, Kim C -- Yang, Shiaw-Pyng -- Jones, Steven M -- Marra, Marco A -- Rocchi, Mariano -- Schein, Jacqueline E -- Baertsch, Robert -- Clarke, Laura -- Csuros, Miklos -- Glasscock, Jarret -- Harris, R Alan -- Havlak, Paul -- Jackson, Andrew R -- Jiang, Huaiyang -- Liu, Yue -- Messina, David N -- Shen, Yufeng -- Song, Henry Xing-Zhi -- Wylie, Todd -- Zhang, Lan -- Birney, Ewan -- Han, Kyudong -- Konkel, Miriam K -- Lee, Jungnam -- Smit, Arian F A -- Ullmer, Brygg -- Wang, Hui -- Xing, Jinchuan -- Burhans, Richard -- Cheng, Ze -- Karro, John E -- Ma, Jian -- Raney, Brian -- She, Xinwei -- Cox, Michael J -- Demuth, Jeffery P -- Dumas, Laura J -- Han, Sang-Gook -- Hopkins, Janet -- Karimpour-Fard, Anis -- Kim, Young H -- Pollack, Jonathan R -- Vinar, Tomas -- Addo-Quaye, Charles -- Degenhardt, Jeremiah -- Denby, Alexandra -- Hubisz, Melissa J -- Indap, Amit -- Kosiol, Carolin -- Lahn, Bruce T -- Lawson, Heather A -- Marklein, Alison -- Nielsen, Rasmus -- Vallender, Eric J -- Clark, Andrew G -- Ferguson, Betsy -- Hernandez, Ryan D -- Hirani, Kashif -- Kehrer-Sawatzki, Hildegard -- Kolb, Jessica -- Patil, Shobha -- Pu, Ling-Ling -- Ren, Yanru -- Smith, David Glenn -- Wheeler, David A -- Schenck, Ian -- Ball, Edward V -- Chen, Rui -- Cooper, David N -- Giardine, Belinda -- Hsu, Fan -- Kent, W James -- Lesk, Arthur -- Nelson, David L -- O'brien, William E -- Prufer, Kay -- Stenson, Peter D -- Wallace, James C -- Ke, Hui -- Liu, Xiao-Ming -- Wang, Peng -- Xiang, Andy Peng -- Yang, Fan -- Barber, Galt P -- Haussler, David -- Karolchik, Donna -- Kern, Andy D -- Kuhn, Robert M -- Smith, Kayla E -- Zwieg, Ann S -- 062023/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- R01 HG002939/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003068/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003079/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003273/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 13;316(5822):222-34.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. agibbs@bcm.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17431167" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: We report here genome sequences and comparative analyses of three closely related parasitoid wasps: Nasonia vitripennis, N. giraulti, and N. longicornis. Parasitoids are important regulators of arthropod populations, including major agricultural pests and disease vectors, and Nasonia is an emerging genetic model, particularly for evolutionary and developmental genetics. Key findings include the identification of a functional DNA methylation tool kit; hymenopteran-specific genes including diverse venoms; lateral gene transfers among Pox viruses, Wolbachia, and Nasonia; and the rapid evolution of genes involved in nuclear-mitochondrial interactions that are implicated in speciation. Newly developed genome resources advance Nasonia for genetic research, accelerate mapping and cloning of quantitative trait loci, and will ultimately provide tools and knowledge for further increasing the utility of parasitoids as pest insect-control agents.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2849982/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2849982/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Werren, John H -- Richards, Stephen -- Desjardins, Christopher A -- Niehuis, Oliver -- Gadau, Jurgen -- Colbourne, John K -- Nasonia Genome Working Group -- Beukeboom, Leo W -- Desplan, Claude -- Elsik, Christine G -- Grimmelikhuijzen, Cornelis J P -- Kitts, Paul -- Lynch, Jeremy A -- Murphy, Terence -- Oliveira, Deodoro C S G -- Smith, Christopher D -- van de Zande, Louis -- Worley, Kim C -- Zdobnov, Evgeny M -- Aerts, Maarten -- Albert, Stefan -- Anaya, Victor H -- Anzola, Juan M -- Barchuk, Angel R -- Behura, Susanta K -- Bera, Agata N -- Berenbaum, May R -- Bertossa, Rinaldo C -- Bitondi, Marcia M G -- Bordenstein, Seth R -- Bork, Peer -- Bornberg-Bauer, Erich -- Brunain, Marleen -- Cazzamali, Giuseppe -- Chaboub, Lesley -- Chacko, Joseph -- Chavez, Dean -- Childers, Christopher P -- Choi, Jeong-Hyeon -- Clark, Michael E -- Claudianos, Charles -- Clinton, Rochelle A -- Cree, Andrew G -- Cristino, Alexandre S -- Dang, Phat M -- Darby, Alistair C -- de Graaf, Dirk C -- Devreese, Bart -- Dinh, Huyen H -- Edwards, Rachel -- Elango, Navin -- Elhaik, Eran -- Ermolaeva, Olga -- Evans, Jay D -- Foret, Sylvain -- Fowler, Gerald R -- Gerlach, Daniel -- Gibson, Joshua D -- Gilbert, Donald G -- Graur, Dan -- Grunder, Stefan -- Hagen, Darren E -- Han, Yi -- Hauser, Frank -- Hultmark, Da -- Hunter, Henry C 4th -- Hurst, Gregory D D -- Jhangian, Shalini N -- Jiang, Huaiyang -- Johnson, Reed M -- Jones, Andrew K -- Junier, Thomas -- Kadowaki, Tatsuhiko -- Kamping, Albert -- Kapustin, Yuri -- Kechavarzi, Bobak -- Kim, Jaebum -- Kim, Jay -- Kiryutin, Boris -- Koevoets, Tosca -- Kovar, Christie L -- Kriventseva, Evgenia V -- Kucharski, Robert -- Lee, Heewook -- Lee, Sandra L -- Lees, Kristin -- Lewis, Lora R -- Loehlin, David W -- Logsdon, John M Jr -- Lopez, Jacqueline A -- Lozado, Ryan J -- Maglott, Donna -- Maleszka, Ryszard -- Mayampurath, Anoop -- Mazur, Danielle J -- McClure, Marcella A -- Moore, Andrew D -- Morgan, Margaret B -- Muller, Jean -- Munoz-Torres, Monica C -- Muzny, Donna M -- Nazareth, Lynne V -- Neupert, Susanne -- Nguyen, Ngoc B -- Nunes, Francis M F -- Oakeshott, John G -- Okwuonu, Geoffrey O -- Pannebakker, Bart A -- Pejaver, Vikas R -- Peng, Zuogang -- Pratt, Stephen C -- Predel, Reinhard -- Pu, Ling-Ling -- Ranson, Hilary -- Raychoudhury, Rhitoban -- Rechtsteiner, Andreas -- Reese, Justin T -- Reid, Jeffrey G -- Riddle, Megan -- Robertson, Hugh M -- Romero-Severson, Jeanne -- Rosenberg, Miriam -- Sackton, Timothy B -- Sattelle, David B -- Schluns, Helge -- Schmitt, Thomas -- Schneider, Martina -- Schuler, Andreas -- Schurko, Andrew M -- Shuker, David M -- Simoes, Zila L P -- Sinha, Saurabh -- Smith, Zachary -- Solovyev, Victor -- Souvorov, Alexandre -- Springauf, Andreas -- Stafflinger, Elisabeth -- Stage, Deborah E -- Stanke, Mario -- Tanaka, Yoshiaki -- Telschow, Arndt -- Trent, Carol -- Vattathil, Selina -- Verhulst, Eveline C -- Viljakainen, Lumi -- Wanner, Kevin W -- Waterhouse, Robert M -- Whitfield, James B -- Wilkes, Timothy E -- Williamson, Michael -- Willis, Judith H -- Wolschin, Florian -- Wyder, Stefan -- Yamada, Takuji -- Yi, Soojin V -- Zecher, Courtney N -- Zhang, Lan -- Gibbs, Richard A -- 5R01GM070026-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- 5R01HG000747-14/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- 5R24GM084917-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- AI028309-13A2/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI055624/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM064864/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM064864-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM064864-05A2/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM070026/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM070026-04S1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM079484/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM085163/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM085163-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM085233/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG000747/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG000747-14/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01GM064864/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R24 GM084917/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R24 GM084917-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R24 GM084917-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003273/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003273-03/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 15;327(5963):343-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1178028.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20075255" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: This study describes comprehensive polling of transcription start and termination sites and analysis of previously unidentified full-length complementary DNAs derived from the mouse genome. We identify the 5' and 3' boundaries of 181,047 transcripts with extensive variation in transcripts arising from alternative promoter usage, splicing, and polyadenylation. There are 16,247 new mouse protein-coding transcripts, including 5154 encoding previously unidentified proteins. Genomic mapping of the transcriptome reveals transcriptional forests, with overlapping transcription on both strands, separated by deserts in which few transcripts are observed. The data provide a comprehensive platform for the comparative analysis of mammalian transcriptional regulation in differentiation and development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carninci, P -- Kasukawa, T -- Katayama, S -- Gough, J -- Frith, M C -- Maeda, N -- Oyama, R -- Ravasi, T -- Lenhard, B -- Wells, C -- Kodzius, R -- Shimokawa, K -- Bajic, V B -- Brenner, S E -- Batalov, S -- Forrest, A R R -- Zavolan, M -- Davis, M J -- Wilming, L G -- Aidinis, V -- Allen, J E -- Ambesi-Impiombato, A -- Apweiler, R -- Aturaliya, R N -- Bailey, T L -- Bansal, M -- Baxter, L -- Beisel, K W -- Bersano, T -- Bono, H -- Chalk, A M -- Chiu, K P -- Choudhary, V -- Christoffels, A -- Clutterbuck, D R -- Crowe, M L -- Dalla, E -- Dalrymple, B P -- de Bono, B -- Della Gatta, G -- di Bernardo, D -- Down, T -- Engstrom, P -- Fagiolini, M -- Faulkner, G -- Fletcher, C F -- Fukushima, T -- Furuno, M -- Futaki, S -- Gariboldi, M -- Georgii-Hemming, P -- Gingeras, T R -- Gojobori, T -- Green, R E -- Gustincich, S -- Harbers, M -- Hayashi, Y -- Hensch, T K -- Hirokawa, N -- Hill, D -- Huminiecki, L -- Iacono, M -- Ikeo, K -- Iwama, A -- Ishikawa, T -- Jakt, M -- Kanapin, A -- Katoh, M -- Kawasawa, Y -- Kelso, J -- Kitamura, H -- Kitano, H -- Kollias, G -- Krishnan, S P T -- Kruger, A -- Kummerfeld, S K -- Kurochkin, I V -- Lareau, L F -- Lazarevic, D -- Lipovich, L -- Liu, J -- Liuni, S -- McWilliam, S -- Madan Babu, M -- Madera, M -- Marchionni, L -- Matsuda, H -- Matsuzawa, S -- Miki, H -- Mignone, F -- Miyake, S -- Morris, K -- Mottagui-Tabar, S -- Mulder, N -- Nakano, N -- Nakauchi, H -- Ng, P -- Nilsson, R -- Nishiguchi, S -- Nishikawa, S -- Nori, F -- Ohara, O -- Okazaki, Y -- Orlando, V -- Pang, K C -- Pavan, W J -- Pavesi, G -- Pesole, G -- Petrovsky, N -- Piazza, S -- Reed, J -- Reid, J F -- Ring, B Z -- Ringwald, M -- Rost, B -- Ruan, Y -- Salzberg, S L -- Sandelin, A -- Schneider, C -- Schonbach, C -- Sekiguchi, K -- Semple, C A M -- Seno, S -- Sessa, L -- Sheng, Y -- Shibata, Y -- Shimada, H -- Shimada, K -- Silva, D -- Sinclair, B -- Sperling, S -- Stupka, E -- Sugiura, K -- Sultana, R -- Takenaka, Y -- Taki, K -- Tammoja, K -- Tan, S L -- Tang, S -- Taylor, M S -- Tegner, J -- Teichmann, S A -- Ueda, H R -- van Nimwegen, E -- Verardo, R -- Wei, C L -- Yagi, K -- Yamanishi, H -- Zabarovsky, E -- Zhu, S -- Zimmer, A -- Hide, W -- Bult, C -- Grimmond, S M -- Teasdale, R D -- Liu, E T -- Brusic, V -- Quackenbush, J -- Wahlestedt, C -- Mattick, J S -- Hume, D A -- Kai, C -- Sasaki, D -- Tomaru, Y -- Fukuda, S -- Kanamori-Katayama, M -- Suzuki, M -- Aoki, J -- Arakawa, T -- Iida, J -- Imamura, K -- Itoh, M -- Kato, T -- Kawaji, H -- Kawagashira, N -- Kawashima, T -- Kojima, M -- Kondo, S -- Konno, H -- Nakano, K -- Ninomiya, N -- Nishio, T -- Okada, M -- Plessy, C -- Shibata, K -- Shiraki, T -- Suzuki, S -- Tagami, M -- Waki, K -- Watahiki, A -- Okamura-Oho, Y -- Suzuki, H -- Kawai, J -- Hayashizaki, Y -- FANTOM Consortium -- RIKEN Genome Exploration Research Group and Genome Science Group (Genome Network Project Core Group) -- TGM03P17/Telethon/Italy -- TGM06S01/Telethon/Italy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Sep 2;309(5740):1559-63.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16141072" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉