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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 858-862 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 793-805 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with defining the relation between modeling of process units and controller design. In the process industries, it is often difficult to obtain accurate process models. It is shown that advanced algorithms such as dead-time compensators require more detailed process information for design than do with PI and PID controllers. A method is described to systematically evaluate the relation between process identification and controller design, stability, and performance. It is shown that conventional gain and phase margins do not provide proper safety margins for dead-time compensators and optimal controllers. Methods for safe design of dead-time compensators are derived, and the approach could be useful in a wide class of problems.To illustrate the approach presented, the design of PI controllers by conventional methods is analyzed. The conditions, as well as the exceptions, are specified in which methods such as described by Ziegler and Nichols or Cohen and Coon will give good results. It is shown that for any stable nonlinear system with an input/output function y = G*p(u), a linearized design function G′pd can be constructed and identified that guarantees stability and reasonable performance of the controller (Eqs. 21 and 22 and Figures 4-7) over a wide range of operating conditions. A rigorous framework for identifying the exceptions and understanding the reason why such methods work is presented.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 538-544 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new flexible method has been developed for modelling multistage multicomponent separation processes. The method is based on the simultaneous modular approach and can be referred to as a quasilinear two-level modelling. The network is solved within each iteration as a linear one, and after each network solution the split streams are updated modularly using nonlinear submodels. The method is suited for modelling the most important separation processes with arbitrary structure and permits to use different models for the subunits or processing units. Illustrative examples and computational results are presented showing the efficiency, flexibility and capability of the method.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 141-146 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The flow of molten poly(ethylene terephthalate) in pipes is discussed. The considerations made are based on the results of previous investigations by the authors, concerning the rheological behavior of the melt which exhibits thermal degradation. A procedure is proposed which enables the design of a pipe-line system for the distribution of molten, spinnable poly(ethylene terephthalate) in a fiber plant to be made.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 21 (1981), S. 474-482 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of moisture on the curing reaction of Hercules 3501-6/AS graphite-epoxy prepreg was investigated. Test samples of prepreg were aged under humid conditions, while control samples were aged under identical temperature conditions but with negligible humidity. Determinations of the amounts of moisture absorbed and desorbed fom the samples were accomplished gravimetrically. Dielectric analysis was used to monitor the relative reaction rates and overall activation energies of the prepreg after various aging periods. Changes taking place in monomer concentrations were observed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). As aging continued, samples aged under humid conditions displayed, significant decrease in the overall activation energy accompanied by increased reaction rates. This change did not occur in the control samples. Samples aged in high humidity showed increased conversion of monomers to polymer when compared to dry aged samples. The aging time required before the above changes became apparent was temperature dependent; the higher the aging temperature, the sooner the changes in reactivity occurred.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Interactions between anions on one polymer chain with cations on another can lead to compatibilization of otherwise incompatible materials. Thus, if 5 mol% of ∼SO3H groups are attached to polystyrene, and 5 mol% of vinyl pyridine is copolymerized with ethyl acrylate, proton transfer occurs upon mixing, and the pairwise attractive interactions between the resultant ions compatibilize the blend. The same has been observed for the styrene-vinyl pyridine and sulfonated polyisoprene polymer pair. Dynamic mechanical and optical properties are used as a measure of compatibilization.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 24 (1984), S. 1155-1165 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of isothermal crystallization of polymer blends in which the matrix is a crystallizable polymer is considered. It is shown that depending on the difference in interfacial energies the inclusions are rejected or engulfed by the growing spherulite. Other factors influencing rejection, engulfing, and/or deformation of dispersed particles of the second polymer are the viscosity of the melt, the spherulite growth rate, and the size of dispersed particles. If the difference in interfacial energies is positive, then rejection or engulfing requires additional work to be done by the crystallization front. This dissipation of energy decreases the spherulite growth rate. It is estimated that the rejection of the second component is the most important phenomenon in the crystallization of blends. The spherulite growth rate of isotactic polypropylene in blends with low-density polyethylene and several elastomers was studied as a function of crystallization temperature and concentration. The comparison of growth rate data with morphological changes occuring during crystallization of blends studied shows very good agreement with the theoretical predictions based on energetics considerations.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 24 (1984), S. 1402-1408 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The isothermal macrokinetic equation of polymer crystallization has been generalized to cover nonisothermal situations as well. The process of nonisothermal crystallization of poly(caproamide) has been studied experimentally. It is shown that the macrokinetic equation of the autocatalytic type can be used to solve both direct and inverse problems of nonisothermal polymer crystallization. Use of the inverse approach has made it possible to establish the value of the constants of the new kinetic equation. The general statement of the problem of nonisothermal crystallization of polymers in an inhomogeneous temperature field is considered. Inhomogeneous temperature and conversion fields have been calculated for model products of different sizes and configurations.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 21 (1981), S. 1049-1054 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The electrical resistivity of peroxide and radiation crosslinked polyethylene/carbon black compounds was studied as a function of black concentration and, temperature in heating/cooling cycles. Different carbon blacks in compounds with polyethylene responded differently, regarding electrical resistivity, to the effect of crosslinking. In one case (fine black) the resistivity and PTC (positive temperature coefficient) effect did not significantly change, whereas in another case (coarse black) the effect of crosslinking-was to significantly increase the resistivity and reduce the PTC effect. The main advantages of crosslinking were to give compounds having good electrical reproducibility and to practically eliminate the NTC (negative temperature coefficient) effect in compounds containing fine, coarse, or mixtures of carbon blacks. Crosslinked compounds containing mixtures of carbon blacks have shown good conductivity, electrical reproducibility, and switching properties.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 21 (1981), S. 223-226 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Following the reported pronounced effects of metal halides incorporated into nylon-6 on its glass transition temperature, melting temperature, melt viscosity, crystallization rate and final crystallinity, the tensile mechanical properties and crystallinity of nylon-6 as affected by the absorption of metal halides were studied. At low salt content, some of the mechanical properties are substantially altered and at higher salt concentrations the ductile polymer becomes brittle. There is no marked difference between the salts studied (CuCl2, CuBr2, FeCl3) regarding their effects on the polymer mechanical properties. In the concentration range studied, absorbed Cu salts do not significantly change the polymer's degree of crystallinity, whereas absorbed FeCl3 results in a pronounced reduction, indicating its effect also on the crystalline phase.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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