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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Language as a community of interacting belief systems: A case study involving conduct toward self and others (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 10 (1995), S. 77-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Altruism ; belief systems ; language ; selfish ; sociolinguistics ; species of thought
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Words such as “selfish” and “altruistic” that describe conduct toward self and others are notoriously ambiguous in everyday language. I argue that the ambiguity is caused, in part, by the coexistence of multiple belief systems that use the same words in different ways. Each belief system is a relatively coherent linguistic entity that provides a guide for human behavior. It is therefore a functional entity with design features that dictate specific word meaning. Since different belief systems guide human behavior in different directions, specific word meanings cannot be maintained across belief systems. Other sources of linguistic ambiguity include i) functional ambiguity that increases the effectiveness of a belief system, ii) ambiguity between belief systems that are functionally identical but historically distinct, and iii) active interference between belief systems. I illustrate these points with a natural history study of the word “selfish” and related words in everyday language. In general, language and the thought that it represents should be studied in the same way that ecologists study multi-species communities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00851988
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the relationship between evolutionary and psychological definitions of altruism and selfishness (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 7 (1992), S. 61-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Altruism ; evolution ; group selection ; selfishness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract I examine the relationship between evolutionary definitions of altruism that are based on fitness effects and psychological definitions that are based on the motives of the actor. I show that evolutionary altruism can be motivated by proximate mechanisms that are psychologically either altruistic or selfish. I also show that evolutionary definitions do rely upon motives as a metaphor in which the outcome of natural selection is compared to the decisions of a psychologically selfish (or altruistic) individual. Ignoring the precise nature of both psychological and evolutionary definitions has obscured many important issues, including the biological roots of psychological altruism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00130164
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    1H, 13C and 17O NMR spectral study of 4,1-disubstituted naphthalenes (1992)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 30 (1992), S. 320-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: 1H, 13C, 17O NMR spectra ; Disubstituted naphthalenes ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 1H, 13C and 17O NMR spectra of several 4,1-disubstituted naphthalenes, viz. 4-substituted 1- acetylnaphthalenes (series 1), 4-substituted 1-nitronaphthalenes (series 2), 4-substituted 1-methoxynaphthalenes (series 3) and 4-substituted 1-naphthyl methyl sulphides (series 4), were measured. The 17O and 13C chemical shifts of these 4,1-disubstituted naphthalenes were compared with those of the corresponding 4,1-disubstituted benzenes and analysed using the dual substituted parameter (DSP) equation. It is concluded that in series 1, 2 and 4 the substituent effects from the 4-substituent to the C-1 carbon and the side-chain atoms are transmitted more effectively than those in the corresponding 4,1-disubstituted benzenes, whereas the transmission in series 3 is almost equal to that in the analogous benzene series, viz. 4-substituted anisoles. The reverse substituent effects displayed by the H-8 chemical shifts of series 1 and 2 and the existence of linear relationships between the chemical shifts of H-8 and the 17O chemical shifts of the oxygen of both the acetyl and nitro groups in series 1 and 2, respectively, are ascribed mainly to changes in the electron densities on the oxygen of the carbonyl and nitro groups affecting the diamagnetic screening of the proton.
    Additional Material: 12 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1260300409
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    1H and 13C NMR study of substituent effects in 2- and 3-substituted diphenyl sulphides and sulphones and 4-substituted 2′,6′-dimethyldiphenyl sulphides (1995)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 33 (1995), S. 779-790 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: NMR ; 1H NMR ; 13C NMR ; diphenyl sulphides ; diphenyl sulphones ; π-polarization ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The proton and carbon NMR spectra of nine 2-substituted diphenyl sulphides (S-2-X), seven 3-substituted diphenyl sulphides (S-3-X), nine 2-substituted diphenyl sulphones (SO2-2-X), nine 3-substituted diphenyl sulphones (SO2-3-X) and nine 4-substituted-2′,6′-dimethyldiphenyl sulphides (Me2-S-4-X) were obtained. Correlations of the 1H and 13C chemical shifts were made with benzene substituent-induced chemical shifts (Lynch plots) and Hammett and dual-substituent parameters and the results were compared with those of 4-substituted diphenyl sulphides (S-4-X) and sulphones (SO2-4-X). The main conclusions are as follows: (i) the transmission of the substituent effects in substituted diphenyl sulphides decreases in the order S-4-X ≍ S-2-X 〉 Me2-S-4-X 〉 S-3-X; (ii) the inductive effects are transmitted to a larger extent than the resonance effects to the unsubstituted ring in 3-substituted diphenyl sulphides, while the reverse trend is observed in other substituted diphenyl sulphides; (iii) in 2-methoxy-, 2-chloro-, 2-bromo- and 2-nitrodiphenyl sulphides, an increase in the size of the substituent causes an upfield shift for H-6 ascribable to the repulsion between the lone pairs of electrons on the sulphur and the substituent and its influence on the conformation; (iv) the diminished transmission of substituent effects to the remote rings in 4-substituted 2′,6′-dimethyldiphenyl sulphides is probably due to the orthogonal orientation of the rings; and (v) the signal due to the H-6 of 2-substituted diphenyl sulphones suffers a downfield shift with an increase in the size of the substituent, this being ascribable to the increasing steric interaction between the 2-substituent and the sulphonyl oxygen and consequent changes in the conformation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1260331004
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