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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Gracilaria gracilis farming was conducted in the Bizerte lagoon (North of Tunisia) at two depths (0.5 and 2.5 m) using various initial fragment weights (5, 20, and 40 g) in order to investigate the alga growth, agar yield, and quality. IR spectra of agar were performed in comparison to the commercial one. Moreover, the proximate biochemical composition of seaweeds was investigated. The results showed that the highest daily growth rate and agar yield were recorded at 0.5 m, using 5 g as initial fragment weight (5.98 ± 1.98% day−1, 14.87 ± 1.91% dw, respectively). Maximum gel strength was 356.67 ± 15.25 g cm−2 at 2.5 m using an initial weight of 20 g. Gelling and melting temperatures varied from 34.33 ± 0.57 to 35.50 ± 0.57 °C and from 77.00 ± 1.00 to 85.00 ± 0.50 °C, respectively. IR analysis revealed that some spectra were similar, while others were different. The highest dry matter (22.68 ± 1.77%) and ash content (35.25 ± 0.02% of dw) were recorded at 2.5 m, using initial weights of 20 and 5 g, respectively. The maximum carbohydrate and the crude protein contentswere obtained at 0.5m, using 5 g as initialweight (9.52 ± 0.36 and 5.83 ± 0.7% dw, respectively). The highest R-phycoerythrin content was recorded at 0.5m(0.050 ± 0.007 mg g−1 dw), while the maximum of total lipid content was recorded at 2.5 m with initial weight of 5 g (3.58 ± 0.63% dw). Our findings indicated that growth and biochemical composition of G. gracilis depend on the depth and initial fragment weights.
    Description: In Press
    Keywords: Gracilaria gracilis ; Red seaweed ; Culture ; Agar ; IR spectroscopy ; Biochemical composition
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp. 2499–2512
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: In Tunisia, seaweed eco-biological and valorization studies are relatively recent. In this context, the red seaweed Gracilaria bursa-pastoris has been studied during a year at three different locations in the Bizerte Lagoon (North of Tunisia): Menzel Jemil (MJ), Menzel Abderrahmane (MA) and Menzel Bourguiba (MB). Environmental parameters such as temperature, salinity and nutrients were measured. The weight, length, number of ramifications at 0.5 cm from the apices in gametophyte and terasporophyte thalli and biomass were investigated. Besides, the seasonal variation of the agar yield and quality was studied. Results showed seasonal and temporal fluctuations of all parameters studied. Thus, the maximum of temperature (32.2 °C) was measured in August at MB. The salinity ranged from 33 psu in April at MA to 41.2 psu at MB in November. The pH varied from 8 to 8.8. The dissolved oxygen reached 11.2 mg L-1 at MJ in October. The nitrogen and the phosphorus elements varied also during the study period according to the season and the sampling site. The maximum weight of Gracilaria bursa pastoris occurred in summer (134.58g) in the tetrasporophyte thalli at MJ. The highest length was recorded in January (30.5 cm) in tetrasporophytes at MB. The maximum ramification number occurred in April (54) in mature females (cystocarpic thalli) at MA. The highest biomass was obtained in summer (56.23 g m-2 dry weight) at MJ. The maximum agar yield (27.48 %) was obtained in spring at MJ. The highest gel strength, gelling and melting temperatures were also recorded in spring (148.33 g cm-2, 40.16 °C and 83 °C, respectively). All of the results indicated that Gracilaria bursa-pastoris may be considered as a potential resource for agar industry in Tunisia. This hydrocolloid (agar) may be used in different fields, namely in food and cosmetic industries.
    Description: Les études éco-biologiques des algues et leur valorisation sont relativement récentes en Tunisie. Dans ce contexte, une étude sur la rhodophycée Gracilaria bursa-pastoris a été entreprise dans la lagune de Bizerte durant une année dans trois localités différentes: Menzel Jemil (MJ), Menzel Abderrahmane (MA) et Menzel Bourguiba (MB). Différents facteurs hydrologiques tels que la température, la salinité, l’oxygène dissous, le pH et les sels nutritifs ont été étudiés. Par ailleurs, la biomasse, le poids individuel des thalles gamétophytiques et tétrasporophytiques, la longueur et le nombre de ramifications à 0.5 cm des apex ont été suivis. En outre, la variation saisonnière du rendement et de la qualité de l’agar-agar ont été investiguées. Les résultats ont montré une variation spatio-temporelle de tous les paramètres étudiés. Ainsi, la température maximale (32,2 °C) a été enregistrée au mois d’août à MB. La salinité a varié entre 33 psu en avril à MA et 41,2 psu en novembre à MB. Le pH a varié entre 8 et 8,8. L’oxygène dissous a atteint 11,2 mg L-1 à MJ en Octobre. Les éléments azotés et phosphorés ont fluctué selon la saison et le site d’échantillonnage. Le maximum de poids individuel (134,58 g) a été enregistré en juillet chez les tétrasporophytes à MJ. La longueur maximale (30,5 cm) a été aussi atteinte chez les tétrasporophytes à MB en janvier. Le nombre maximum de ramifications (54) a été enregistré en avril à MA chez les thalles femelles mâtures à cystocarpes. La biomasse maximale (56,23 g m-2, en poids sec) a été obtenue en été à MA. Concernant l’agar, le rendement le plus élevé (27,48 %) a été enregistré au printemps à MJ. La force de gel, le point de gélification et le point de fusion maximum ont également été obtenus au printemps, soit respectivement de 148,33 g cm-2, 40,16 °C et 83 °C. Tous les résultats obtenus indiquent que Gracilaria bursa-pastoris pourrait être source potentielle pour une industrie tunisienne d’agar-agar. Ce dernier pourrait être utilisé dans différents domaines tels que les industries agro-alimentaires et en cosmétique.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Gracilaria bursa-pastoris ; Growth ; Agar ; Seasonality
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp. 165-174
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: During the year of 1999, the red seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales, Gracilariaceae), has been followed monthly in Bizerte lake (in the north of Tunisia). The parameters studied are: biomass, agar-yield, gel strength, gelling and melting temperatures. The results showed that the highest average of wet biomass is recorded in June (2500 g/m super(2)) and the lowest is obtained in October (130 g/m super(2)). The highest agar-yield is obtained in April (37,92 %) ; while the lowest is recorded in September (10,67 %). High and low gel strengths are obtained in May (410g /cm super(2)) and in December (125 g :cm super(2)), respectively. Gelling temperature varies between 31 degree C and 44~ 'C, while melting temperature varies between 79 degree C and 100 degree C
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Qualité ; Agar ; Yield ; Quality ; Seaweed products ; Biomass ; Gracilaria verrucosa ; Brackish
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp. 127-136
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The present study aims to investigate the effects of irradiance and salinity on the growth and agar yield in early stages of development of carposporelings and young tetrasporophytes of Gracilaria gracilis in the laboratory conditions. Three levels of irradiance, photoperiod and salinity were tested. The results showed that the highest growth in basal disc of carposporelings was recorded at 8:16h light/dark, 60 μmol photons m-²s-1, and a salinity of 40 psu after four weeks of culture. The optimal percentage of erect fronds occurred at 16:8 h light/dark, 32 μmol photons.m-² s-1 and a salinity of 30 psu .The highest weight (about 6000mg) of juvenile tetrasporophytes was recorded at 40psu after 228 culture days. The maximum of length was also obtained at 40 psu at the end of the study. The best agar yield was recorded at 8:16 h light/ dark and a salinity of 20 psu. This study proved that Gracilaria may be cultivated using spores in order to obtain mature plants and then extract useful compounds such as agar.
    Description: Cette étude a été réalisée sur les carpospores et les petites plantules (tétrasporophytes juvéniles) qui en sont issues de la rhodophycée Gracilaria gracilis de la lagune de Bizerte. Elle a pour objectif de tester l’effet de trois intensités lumineuses, photopériodes et salinités sur la croissance et le rendement en agar-agar. Les résultats montrent que la croissance la plus importante des carpospores a été enregistrée sous une intensité lumineuse de 60 μ mol photons m-2s-1, une photopériode de 8 :16 h et une salinité de 40 psu (260 ± 64.48 μm) après quatre semaines de culture. Le pourcentage le plus élevé (100 %) des frondes érigées a été obtenu en fin de culture sous 32 μ mol photons m-2s- 1, une photopériode 16 : 8 h et une salinité de 30 psu. Le poids le plus élevé (environ 6000 mg) des petites plantules issues des carpospores a été enregistré après 228 jours de culture à 40 psu. La longueur maximale (16.25 ± 0.36 cm) a également été obtenue à une salinité de 40 psu. Le rendement en agar-agar a atteint 30.75 ±7.15 % du poids sec de l’algue avec les valeurs les plus faibles d’intensité lumineuse, de photopériode et de salinité. Cette étude a mis en évidence la possibilité de culture de Gracilaria à partir des spores afin d’obtenir des plantes adultes et d’en extraire par la suite des substances d’intérêt tel que l’agar-agar.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Gracilaria gracilis ; Growth ; Carposporelings ; Tetrasporophytes ; Irradiance ; Salinity ; Agar
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.141-150
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