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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 239 (1938), S. 189-196 
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Geschwindigkeit der Reaktion von amalgamiertem Aluminium mit der Luft wird durch die Gleichung G1 = \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ k\sqrt {t_1 } $\end{document} bestimmt, wobei G1 die Gewichtszunahme des aktivierten Aluminiums an der Luft, k eine Konstante und t1 die Versuchsdauer ist. Es wird eine Gesetzmäßgkeit zwischen der Konstanten k und dem Reinheitsgrad des aktivierten Aluminiums aufgezeigt.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Metallated Nitrogen Derivatives of Carbonic Acid in Organic Synthesis, XXVII. - Homoaldol Reaction, VII. Lithiation of Acyclic 2-Alkenyl N,N-Dialkylcarbamates. - Silylation and γ-Selective α-Hydroxyalkylation of Homoenolate Reagents2-Alkenyl N,N-dialkylcarbamates 20 are deprotonated by n-butyllithium/TMEDA to form lithium compounds 21 which are versatile homoenolate reagents. The diisopropylcarbamoyl group is not attacked by butyllithium below - 70°C. Due to the high kinetic acidity of the α-protons in 20, 1-oxyallyl anions 21, bearing up to two alkyl groups in any given distribution are accessible. - The reaction of 21 with chlorotrimethylsilane gives silanes 28 and/or 29. The regiochemistry of the silylation is mainly controlled by the position of methyl groups present in 21. - The addition of aldehydes or ketones 14 to 21 proceeds with high γ-selectivity yielding 4-hydroxyenol carbamates 30, which are methanolized in the presence of catalytic amounts of mercuric salts to afford 2-methoxytetrahydrofurans (γ-lactol ethers) 33. Subsequent oxidation of 33 yields γ-lactones 34. Alternatively, O-acetyl derivatives 32 are hydrolyzed to afford γ-acetoxyalkanals or -alkanones 36. Alltogether, the method provides a general and flexible way for realization of homoaldol reactions. - (2E)- and (2Z)- butenyllithium compounds 21 g and h are configuratively stable at the reaction conditions, which is an important requirement for accomplishment of syn- and anti-diastereoselective homoaldol reactions. - S-(2-alkenyl) N,N-dimethylthiocarbamates 12 are similarly deprotonated and hydroxyalkylated, but hydrolysis of enol thiocarbamates 15 to prepare homoaldols is not feasible.
    Notes: N, N-Dialkylcarbamidsäure-2-alkenylester 20 werden durch n-Butyllithium/TMEDA zu den Lithium-Verbindungen 21 deprotoniert, welche als vielseitige Homoenolat-Reagenzien verwendbar sind. Die Diisopropylcarbamoyloxy-Gruppe wird unterhalb von - 70°C nicht von Butyllithium angegriffen. Sie verleiht den α-Protonen in 20 eine hohe kinetische Acidität; daher sind auch 1-Oxyallyl-Anionen 21, welche bis zu zwei Alkylgruppen in beliebiger Anordnung tragen, einfach zugänglich. - Die Umsetzung von 21 mit Chlortrimethylsilan ergibt die Silane 28 und/oder 29; dabei wird die Regiochemie weitgehend von der Position vorhandener Methylgruppen bestimmt. - Aldehyde oder Ketone 14 addieren sich an 21 hoch γ-regioselektiv zu 4-Hydroxyenolcarbamaten 30, welche unter Quecksilbersalz-Katalyse zu 2-Methoxytetrahydrofuranen (γ-Lactolethern) 33 methanolisiert werden. Durch nachfolgende Oxidation werden γ-Lactone 34 erhalten. Nach O-Acetylierung von 30 zu 32 mit anschließender Hydrolyse werden γ-Acetoxyalkanale oder -alkanone 36 gewonnen. Somit ermöglicht die Methode eine allgemeine und flexible präparative Lösung für die Homoaldol-Reaktion. - Die (2E)- und (2Z)-Butenyllithium-Verbindungen 21g und h sind unter den Reaktionsbedingungen konfigurationsstabil; damit ist eine wichtige Voraussetzung für syn- und anti-selektive Homoaldol-Reaktionen erfüllt. - N,N-Dimethylthiocarbamidsäure-S-(2-alkenylester) 12 lassen sich analog zu 20 deprotonieren und hydroxyalkylieren, doch sind die Enolthiocarbamate 15 nicht zu Homoaldolen hydrolysierbar.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In acht parallelen Versuchsreihen wurden die γ-Hydroxyde des Aluminiums [Al(OH)3 = Hydrargillit und AlOOH = Böhmit] thermisch ab- bzw. umgebaut. Dabei ergab sich, daß der Kalzinationsverlauf sowohl nach der Art des Ausgangsmaterials als auch von dessen Gewinnungsweise beeinflußt wird. Enthält γ-Al(OH)3 Böhmit, so wird es “zweigleisig” abgebaut. Der aus dem Bayer-Verfahren gewonnene Hydrargillit enthält immer einen geringen Böhmitanteil.Durch erhitzen in Luft läßt sich reiner Böhmit aus dem Trihydroxyd nicht gewinnen, während er hydrothermal und unter Lauge ohne Schwierigkeiten erhalten wird. Der thermische Umbau des Böhmits verläuft über zwei stets reproduzierbare Zwischenformen. Der Ablauf des thermischen Umbaues und die Beständigkeit der einzelnen Zwischenformen werden bereits durch geringe Mengen von Fremdionen (z. B. K+, Na+), die in die Schichtengitter der Al-Hydroxyde eingebaut sind, beeinflußt.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Der Einfluß des Ausgangsmaterials auf die Beständigkeit der einzelnen Formen wird untersucht sowie die Beeinflussung der Gitterumbildung und die möglichen reversiblen Vorgänge, die zur „Rehydroxydierung“ führen können. Zur Kennzeichnung der aufgefundenen Zwischenformen dienten licht- und elektronenoptische Aufnahmen. Ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit denen von FEITKNECHT und (BUSER(1)) an Hydroxyden zweiwertiger Metalle führt zu Schlußfolgerungen, die das Problem der kristallinen Formen der γ-Gruppe in neuem Lichte erscheinen lassen.
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Space sickness symptoms were observed by 4 specially trained observers on Spacelab-1. Three reported persistent symptoms, and vomited repeatedly during the first and/or second day of flight. Head movements on all axes were provocative, particularly in pitch and roll. Head acceleration data recorded from 2 symptomatic crewmen showed that after several hours of physical activity in orbit, symptoms appeared, and thereafter both crewmen were compelled to limit head movements. Firm body contact with motionless surfaces helped alleviate symptoms. When crewmembers floated into unfamiliar body orientations in the cabin, inherent ambiguities in static visual orientation cues sometimes produced spatial reorientation episodes which were also provocative. Symptoms largely resembled those of other forms of prolonged motion sickness, superimposed upon other symptoms attributable to fluid shift. All 4 eventually used anti-motion sickness drugs. When they did, vomiting frequency was reduced. By the 4th day, symptoms subsided, and head accelerations again increased in magnitude and variability. Sickness intensity in orbit was not predicted by statistically concordant results of 6 acute preflight susceptibility tests. However, results from a longer duration preflight prism goggles test showed an apparent correlation. All subjects were asymptomatic making head movements in parabolic flight 4 days after the mission, but not 1 year later. Overall, results support the view that space sickness is a motion sickness.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation cerebrale (ISSN 0014-4819); Volume 64; 2; 316-34
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This paper will describe the biomedical support aspects of humans in space with respect to the vestibular system. The vestibular system is thought to be the primary sensory system involved in the short-term effects of space motion sickness although there is increasing evidence that many factors play a role in this complex set of symptoms. There is the possibility that an individual's inner sense of orientation may be strongly coupled with the susceptibility to space motion sickness. A variety of suggested countermeasures for space motion sickness will be described. Although there are no known ground-based tests that can predict space motion sickness, the search should go on. The long term effects of the vestibular system in weightlessness are still relatively unknown. Some preliminary data has shown that the otoconia are irregular in size and distribution following extended periods of weightlessness. The ramifications of this data are not yet known and because the data was obtained on lower order animals, definitive studies and results must wait until the space station era when higher primates can be studied for long durations. This leads us to artificial gravity, the last topic of this paper. The vestibular system is intimately tied to this question since it has been shown on Earth that exposure to a slow rotating room causes motion sickness for some period of time before adaptation occurs. If the artificial gravity is intermittent, will this mean that people will get sick every time they experience it? The data from many astronauts returning to Earth indicates that a variety of sensory illusions are present, especially immediately upon return to a 1-g environment. Oscillopsia or apparent motion of the visual surround upon head motion along with inappropriate eye motions for a given head motion, all indicate that there is much to be studied yet about the vestibular and CNS systems reaction to a sudden application of a steady state acceleration field like 1-g. From the above information it is obvious that the vestibular system does have unique requirements when it comes to the biomedical support of space flight. This is not to say that other areas such as cardiovascular, musculo-skeletal, immunological and hematological systems do not have their own unique requirements but that possible solutions to one system can provide continuing problems to another system. For example, artificial gravity might be helpful for long term stabilization of bone demineralization or cardiovascular deconditioning but might introduce a new set of problems in orientation, vestibular conflict and just plain body motion in a rotating space vehicle.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: Acta astronautica (ISSN 0094-5765); Volume 17; 2; 203-6
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