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  • Activation parameters  (1)
  • Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane  (1)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane ; Haloarenes, cross-coupling of ; Propellanes ; Palladium ; Catalysis ; Small-ring systems ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -Radical addition reactions of organyl iodides 7a-s onto [1.1.1]propellane (2) followed by halogen-lithium exchange and transmetallation with zinc chloride, as well as additions of Grignard reagents to 2, have furnished a variety of 3-substituted bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl-1-magnesium (14) and -zinc (19) derivatives. The latter have been coupled with various alkenyl, aryl, and biaryl halides and triflates under NiCl2dppe, Pd(PPh3)4, or PdCl2(dppf) catalysis to give a number of 1,3-disubstituted bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl derivatives 17, 20, and 23, several of which exhibit liquid crystalline properties, in moderate to very good yields. The coupling products 20ca, 23ab, 23ae, 23ff, and 23fg have been further transformed to yield bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl derivatives 32, 24ab, 24ae, 27ff, and 27fg, respectively, bearing alkynyl, cyano, and/or alkenyl groups.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Cycloadditions, intramolecular, [4 + 2] ; Strain activation ; High-pressure chemistry ; Polycycles ; Small ring systems ; Volume profile ; Activation parameters ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions of the furans 1a, 1b, 3a and 3b in dichloromethane solution at pressures up to 3 kbar have been studied by quantitative on-line FT-IR spectroscopy. At identical pressure and temperature cyclization rates are significantly faster, by a factor of 8.1 and 6.8, for the b-type species of 1 and 3, respectively. The activation enthalpies of the four cyclizations are very similar, between 78.5 ± 0.6 and 82.5 ± 2.7 kJ mol-1. The activation volumes, ΔV0≠, are in the range -28.4 ± 1.3 (1a) to -40.8 ± 2.0 cm3 mol-1 (3b). These data show that intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions are not necessarily associated with less negative activation volumes than intermolecular Diels-Alder reactions. The size of ΔV0≠, however, appears to be clearly correlated with the type and the position of substituents at the diene or dienophile moieties. Replacement of the H atom on the furan ring by the methoxy group turns ΔV0≠ more negative by 7.4 ± 2.9 cm3 mol-1 for 1a and 1b and by 8.1 ± 2.0 cm3 mol-1 for 3a and 3b. Varying the dienophile moiety from methylenecyclopropane to bicyclopropylidene lowers ΔV0≠ by about 3.5 cm3 mol-1 between 1a and 3a and by about 5.0 cm3 mol-1 between 1b and 3b, which demonstrates the larger steric hindrance due to the tetrasubstitution of the double bond. Comparing the effects on cyclization rate associated with having either one or two cyclopropane units at the dienophile double bond suggests that the rate enhancing influence of strain energy slightly overcompensates a reduction in rate that is expected to go with the increased steric hindrance due to the second cyclopropane unit.
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