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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 39 (1985), S. 183-190 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Acheta domesticus ; Acremonium loliae ; endophyte ; loline alkaloids ; lolitrems ; Lolium perenne
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des expériences ont été faits sur des grillons, Acheta domesticus L., avec des plantes de raygrass vivaces, Lolium perenne L., qui étaient, ou non-infectées par un champignon endophyte, Acremonium loliae Latch, Christensen et Samuels. Les grillons se nourrisant de raygrass infectés ont montré un degré de mortalité beaucoup plus elevé, en 48 heures, que les grillons se nourrissant de raygrass non-infectés. En l'espace de 84 heures, les grillons se nourrissant des trois sortes de raygrass infectés ont montré un pourcentage de mortalité de 100%. La mort a suivi l'inactivité progressive qui est symptomatique des inhibiteurs métaboliques. Les dissections de grillons paralysés ont révélé l'existence d'un estomac antérieur distendu et plus transparent. Le proventricule aussi était transparent, mais moins que l'estomac antérieur. La transparence de l'estomac antérieur, spécialement le ‘jabot’, a résulté d'une extension progressive et du ramollissement de l'épithélium intestinal et des groupes de muscles longitudinaux insérés dedans, et éventuellement ces cellules sont éliminées. Ces profonds changements histopathologiques inhibent apparemment le fonctionnement de l'estomac antérieur du grillon avec comme résultat l'inhibition de tout le processus alimentaire. En plus, des excroissances ressemblant à des tumeurs ont été observées dans les ‘jabot’ des grillons, qui avaient été nourris d'un des trois raygrass infectés par le champignon endophyte. Apparemment, ces excroissances anormales ont été les résultats de l'activation prématurée des groupes de nidi. Quand elles étaient pleinement formées, ces masses se sont séparées de l'épithélium du ‘jabot’ et ont obstrué la lumière. L'étude de l'étologie et de la pathologie de ces excroissances anormales requiert un travail supplémentaire. Les raygrass infectés par un champignon endophyte sont toxiques pour un certain nombre d'éspèces différentes d'insectes, tels que le ‘Argentine stem weevil’ Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel), le ‘bluegrass billbug’ Sphenophorus parvulus (Gyllenhal) et les larves de ‘sod webworm’ lépidoptères (plusieurs orthographes). Ainsi, l'endophyte est une source importante de résistance des insectes que les éleveurs de plantes peuvent incorporer donc les nouvelles variétés de cultures.
    Notes: Abstract Plants of perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L., infected with an endophytic fungus, Acremonium loliae Latch et al. were toxic to house crickets, Acheta domesticus L. Death followed progressive inactivity, culminating in 100% cricket mortality by 84 h. The epithelial lining of the crop and proventriculus of affected crickets was progressively loosened and detached, resulting in complete failure of the alimentary process. Besides the house cricket which is an acridid, antibiosis of a number of coleopterous and lepidopterous pests on endophyte-infected ryegrasses has been previously reported. Thus, the endophyte is an important source of insect resistance which plant breeders can incorporate into new crop varieties.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Acremonium loliae ; Gramineae ; Lolium perenne ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le ray-grass vivace (Lolium perenne), contaminé par le champignon endophyte Acremonium loliae Latch, Christensen & Samuels, a présenté une augmentation de la resistance à de nombreux coléoptères et lépidoptères nuisibles. Cette note examine les réactions de Spodoptera eridania Cramer (Lépido., Noctuidae) alimenté sur trois lignées de ray-grass contaminées par le champignon et trois lignées ‘saines’. Après 168 h d'alimentation sur ray-grass contaminé, les chenilles presentent une très forte mortalité; la survie n'est que de 7 à 13% contre 82 à 90% pour le ray-grass sain. Le décès brutal des chenilles correspond à leur alimentation sur la base de la plante ou la concentration du champignon est la plus forte. Les chenilles consomment constamment, broutant plus des 2/3 du feuillage du ray-grass; les broutements des six séries ne différaient pas significativement. Au bout de 24 h, la nombre de chenilles passées du 3ème au 4ème stade, et l'augmentation de poids sont plus élevés pour les séries sur plante contaminée, ce qui suggère un avantage initial pour les chenilles en présence de champignon endophyte, l'analyse en poids sec a montré que l'augmentation de poids initial est réel. Entre 48 et 144 h, cependant, le nombre de 4ème stade et le poids des chenilles sont les mêmes dans les deux séries. Après 144 h, le poids des chenilles sur ray-grass contaminé diminue significativement; aucune n'était parvenue au 5ème stade, contre 11% sur ray-grass ‘sain’. Nous n'avons pas observé de signes apparents de neurotoxicité. Au lieu de cela, il ya a eu interaction avec un processus physiologique fondamental, ce qui a provoqué une forte perte de poids larvaire et la mort, indiquant l'intervention d'inhibiteurs métaboliques.
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the Southern armyworm Spodoptera eridania Cramer (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae), feeding on perennial ryegrasses (Lolium perenne L.) infected with an endophytic fungus (Acremonium loliae Latch, Christensen and Samuels), had a much lower survival rate (7–13%) than larvae feeding on endophyte-free ryegrasses (82–90%). Death of the larvae on endophyte-infected entries occurred rapidly between 144 h and 168 h of feeding. This corresponded with armyworms feeding on the base of the plant, where endophyte concentration is highest. Twenty-four hours after the start of the bioassay the larval mass and rate of larval development were significantly higher on endophytic entries. From 48–144 h no differences were seen, but after 144 h the mass of larvae on endophyte-infected grasses sharply declined. Observations from this bioassay further substantiate the association between A. loliae-infected ryegrass and antibiosis to several lepidopterous and coleopterous insect pests.
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1992-10-02
    Description: Some individuals infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) experience multiple episodes of acute hepatitis. It is unclear whether these episodes are due to reinfection with HCV or to reactivation of the original virus infection. Markers of viral replication and host immunity were studied in five chimpanzees sequentially inoculated over a period of 3 years with different HCV strains of proven infectivity. Each rechallenge of a convalescent chimpanzee with the same or a different HCV strain resulted in the reappearance of viremia, which was due to infection with the subsequent challenge virus. The evidence indicates that HCV infection does not elicit protective immunity against reinfection with homologous or heterologous strains, which raises concerns for the development of effective vaccines against HCV.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Farci, P -- Alter, H J -- Govindarajan, S -- Wong, D C -- Engle, R -- Lesniewski, R R -- Mushahwar, I K -- Desai, S M -- Miller, R H -- Ogata, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Oct 2;258(5079):135-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Hepatitis Viruses Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1279801" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acute Disease ; Aged ; Alanine Transaminase/biosynthesis ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Hepacivirus/physiology ; Hepatitis Antibodies/biosynthesis ; Hepatitis C/*immunology ; Hepatitis C Antibodies ; Humans ; Immunity, Active ; Longitudinal Studies ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pan troglodytes ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Homology ; Transcription, Genetic ; Viremia ; Virus Replication
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2012-03-24
    Description: A specific memory is thought to be encoded by a sparse population of neurons. These neurons can be tagged during learning for subsequent identification and manipulation. Moreover, their ablation or inactivation results in reduced memory expression, suggesting their necessity in mnemonic processes. However, the question of sufficiency remains: it is unclear whether it is possible to elicit the behavioural output of a specific memory by directly activating a population of neurons that was active during learning. Here we show in mice that optogenetic reactivation of hippocampal neurons activated during fear conditioning is sufficient to induce freezing behaviour. We labelled a population of hippocampal dentate gyrus neurons activated during fear learning with channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and later optically reactivated these neurons in a different context. The mice showed increased freezing only upon light stimulation, indicating light-induced fear memory recall. This freezing was not detected in non-fear-conditioned mice expressing ChR2 in a similar proportion of cells, nor in fear-conditioned mice with cells labelled by enhanced yellow fluorescent protein instead of ChR2. Finally, activation of cells labelled in a context not associated with fear did not evoke freezing in mice that were previously fear conditioned in a different context, suggesting that light-induced fear memory recall is context specific. Together, our findings indicate that activating a sparse but specific ensemble of hippocampal neurons that contribute to a memory engram is sufficient for the recall of that memory. Moreover, our experimental approach offers a general method of mapping cellular populations bearing memory engrams.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3331914/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3331914/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Xu -- Ramirez, Steve -- Pang, Petti T -- Puryear, Corey B -- Govindarajan, Arvind -- Deisseroth, Karl -- Tonegawa, Susumu -- P50 MH058880/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P50 MH058880-10/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P50-MH58880/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH078821/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH078821-17/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01-MH078821/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Mar 22;484(7394):381-5. doi: 10.1038/nature11028.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22441246" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Conditioning (Psychology)/physiology/radiation effects ; Dentate Gyrus/cytology/physiology/radiation effects ; Fear/*physiology/*radiation effects ; Female ; Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic/physiology/radiation effects ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Hippocampus/cytology/*physiology/*radiation effects ; Light ; Luminescent Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Male ; Mental Recall/*radiation effects ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Rhodopsin/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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