ALBERT

Description: Arctic treelines are facing a strong temperature increase as a result of recent global warming, causing possible changes in forest extent, which will alter vegetation-climate feedbacks. However, the mode and strength of the response is rather unclear, as potential changes are happening in areas that are very remote and difficult to access, and empirical data are still largely lacking. Here, we assessed the current population structure and genetic differentiation of Larix Mill. tree stands within the northernmost latitudinal treeline reaching ~72° N in the southern lowlands of the Taymyr Peninsula (~100° E). We sampled 743 individuals belonging to different height classes (seedlings, saplings, trees) at eleven locations along a gradient from 'single tree' tundra over 'forest line' to 'dense forest' stands and conducted investigations applying eight highly polymorphic nuclear microsatellites. Results suggest a high diversity within subpopulations (HE=0.826-0.893), coupled, however, with heterozygote deficits in all subpopulations, but pronounced in 'forest line' stands. Overall, genetic differentiation of subpopulations is low (FST=0.005), indicating a region-wide high gene flow, although 'forest line' stands harbour few rare and private alleles, likely indicating greater local reproduction. 'Single tree' stands, located beyond the northern forest line, are currently not involved in treeline expansion, but show signs of a long-term refuge, namely asexual reproduction and change of growth-form from erect to creeping growth, possibly having persisted for thousands of years. The lack of differentiation between the subpopulations points to a sufficiently high dispersal potential, and thus a rapid northward migration of the Siberian arctic treeline under recent global warming seems potentially unconstrained, but observations show it to be unexpectedly slow.

Description: Mosses are a major component of the arctic vegetation, particularly of wetlands. We present C/N ratio, d13C and d15N data of 400 moss samples belonging to 10 species that were collected along hydrological gradients within polygonal mires located on the southern Taymyr Peninsula and the Lena River delta in northern Siberia. Additionally, n alkane patterns of six of these taxa were investigated. The aim of the study is to see whether the inter- and intra-specific differences in biochemical and isotopic signatures are indicative of habitat with particular respect to water-level. Overall, we find high variability in all investigated parameters. The C/N ratios range between 15.4 and 70.4 (median: 42.9) and show large variations at intra-specific level. However, species preferring a dry habitat (xero-mesophilic mosses) show higher C/N ratios than those preferring a wet habitat (meso-hygrophilic mosses). We assume that this mainly originates from the association of mosses from wet habitats with microorganisms which supply them with nitrogen. Furthermore, because of the stability provided by water, they do not need to invest in a sturdy stem-structure and accordingly have lower C contents in their biomass. The d13C values range between -37.0 and 22.5 per mil (median = -27.8 per mil). The d15N values range between -6.59 and +1.69 per mil (median = 2.17 per mil). We find differences in d13C and d15N signatures between both habitat types and, for some species of the meso-hygrophilic group, a significant relation between the individual habitat water-level and isotopic signature was inferred as a function of microbial symbiosis. The n alkane distribution also shows differences primarily between xero-mesophilic and meso-hygrophilic mosses, i.e. having a dominance of n-alkanes with long (n-C29, n-C31) and intermediate chain lengths (n-C25), respectively. Overall, our results reveal that biochemical and isotopic signals of certain moss taxa from polygonal wetlands are characteristic of their habitat and can thus be used in (palaeo-) environmental studies.