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  • 1
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    Unknown
    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: It is pointed out that the separate study of neutron star envelopes is a valuable technique for gaining insights into neutron star cooling calculations. It is shown that, to an excellent approximation, the temperature at the inner boundary of the envelope, T sub b, is a function only of T sub s to the 4th power over g sub s, where T sub s is the effective temperature and g sub s is the surface gravity. This result makes it possible to investigate very simply the effects of general relativity and of opacity changes on the T sub b - T sub s relation and to compare calculations by different workers, even though they use different neutron star models. It is also shown that the most important opacity source for obtaining a reliable T sub b - T sub s relation is the conductive opacity of matter when the ions are liquid. Calculations are presented in which particular attention is given to this region and the best available opacities are used.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 259
    Format: text
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The envelopes of nonmagnetic neutron stars are studied using the best available opacities and equation of state. The general relativistic equations of the structure and evolution of nonmagnetic neutron stars are discussed, and it is shown that they can be reduced to a single equation for calculating the thermal structure of neutron star envelopes. The physical input needed to solve the thermal structure equation is investigated and the numerical results of envelope model calculations are presented. It is shown that the thermal structure of neutron star envelopes is determined by the single parameter T(s) to the 4th/g(s), where T(s) is the effective surface temperature and g(s) the surface gravity of the star. This result is used to derive a number of other scaling relations, and the effects of general relativity on the envelope thermal structure are examined in detail. The results of a sensitivity analysis of the regional opacity needed to obtain a reliable relationship between the temperatures of the inner and outer boundaries of the envelope is presented.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 272; Sept. 1
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A method is given for determining the sensitivity of certain types of calculations to the uncertainties in the input physics or model parameters; this method is applicable to problems that involve solutions to coupled, ordinary differential equations. In particular the sensitivity of calculations of the thermal structure of neutron star envelopes to uncertainties in the opacity and equation of state is examined. It is found that the uncertainties in the relationship between the surface and interior temperatures of a neutron star are due almost entirely to the imprecision in the values of the conductive opacity in the region where the ions form a liquid; here the conductive opacity is, for the most part, due to the scattering of electrons from ions.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices (ISSN 0035-8711); 204; Aug. 198
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Formulae for the gravitational radiation due to the anisotropic axisymmetric emission of neutrinos from a small source are derived. We find that a burst of neutrinos released anisotropically from a supernova will generate a burst of gravitational radiation that may be comparable in amplitude and energy to the gravitational radiation generated by the fluid motion in the collapse of the supernova core.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 223
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Some of the effects of primordial inhomogeneities on the production of H-2, He-3, and Li-7 are investigated. For the most part, temperature fluctuations have only small effects on the abundances. The density fluctuations are modeled by a unimodal distribution so that the Universe is characterized by the mean density and the relative amplitude of the density variations. It has been found that the constraint which H-2 production imposes on the mean mass density is eased somewhat by allowing for density inhomogeneities. However, unless the composition of the interstellar matter is atypical of most of the matter in the Universe, the mass density will be at least a factor of 3 below the critical density. For reasonable estimates of the pregalactic abundances, sufficient He-3 and Li-7 cannot be produced in the same model universe. Production of both Li-7 and H-2 requires large-amplitude primordial fluctuations, while sufficient He-3 and H-2 can be formed in very low-density, fairly homogeneous universes.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 197; Apr. 15
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  • 6
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Certain post-Newtonian effects may be observable in the arrival times of pulses from the binary pulsar PSR 1913+16. Such effects include the gravitational propagation delay and the post-Newtonian corrections to the elliptical binary orbit. Fitting a model of these effects as they are predicted by general relativity to the pulse arrival times permits the estimation of more parameters than are necessary to determine the orbit and masses of the system. This redundancy provides an important check of the assumption that the observed periastron precession rate is entirely due to the effect of general relativity on compact masses.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 216
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  • 7
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: We consider how an axisymmetric, uniformly and slowly rotating homogeneous star might be affected by the loss of energy and angular momentum via neutrino emission. For example, these losses can cause a collapsing, rotating star to flatten either faster or slower than would be the case if these losses were not taken fully into account, depending on the efficiency of the angular momentum loss mechanism.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 219
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