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  • 1
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    Human exposure to large solar particle events in space (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Whenever energetic solar protons produced by solar particle events traverse bulk matter, they undergo various nuclear and atomic collision processes which significantly alter the physical characteristics and biologically important properties of their transported radiation fields. These physical interactions and their effect on the resulting radiation field within matter are described within the context of a recently developed deterministic, coupled neutron-proton space radiation transport computer code (BRYNTRN). Using this computer code, estimates of human exposure in interplanetary space, behind nominal (2 g/sq cm) and storm shelter (20 g/sq cm) thicknesses of aluminum shielding, are made for the large solar proton event of August 1972. Included in these calculations are estimates of cumulative exposures to the skin, ocular lens, and bone marrow as a function of time during the event. Risk assessment in terms of absorbed dose and dose equivalent is discussed for these organs. Also presented are estimates of organ exposures for hypothetical, worst-case flare scenarios. The rate of dose equivalent accumulation places this situation in an interesting region of dose rate between the very low values of usual concern in terrestrial radiation environments and the high-dose-rate values prevalent in radiation therapy.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 12; 2-3,
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  • 2
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    Risk assessment methodologies for target fragments produced in high-energy nucleon reactions (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Collisions of energetic protons with target nuclei yield nuclear products of large linear energy transfer, and it is usually assumed that the energy of the heavy products is absorbed locally with a quality factor of 20. Past methods of risk assessment have relied on the Bertini (1969) model to evaluate the nuclear reaction products. If the Q(F) of 20 is correct, then a significant underestimate of biological risk from the nuclear products could result from the use of Bertini's model. On the other hand, a Q(F) of 20 is probably too large for some of the lighter fragments, leaving prior risk estimates as possibly correct or even conservative. This issue is discussed here in the context of the recently proposed nuclear data set of Wilson et al. (1989).
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Health Physics (ISSN 0017-9078); 59; 141-143
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  • 3
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    On the biological hazard of galactic antinuclei (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The interaction of antinuclei in the galactic cosmic-ray beam with biological systems is studied. A nuclei-antinuclei annihilation event observed in nuclear emulsion near the end of the slowing-down trajectories of singly charged particle is discussed. An annihilation event that occurred by capture of the antinucleus into an atomic orbital followed by cascade to or near the ground atomic state and subsequent annihilation with the nuclear material of the atom is described. Microdosimetric quantities relevant to potential biological hazards are estimated. The average linear-energy-transfer spectrum for galactic cosmic ray antinuclei annihilation events in tissues is presented. It is observed that the annihilation in tissues occurs mainly in O and the heavier elements around K.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Health Physics (ISSN 0017-9078); 50; 666
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  • 4
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    Distribution effectiveness for space radiation dosimetry (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A simplified risk basis and a theory of hematological response are presented and applied to the problem of dosimetry in the manned space program. Unlike previous studies, the current work incorporates radiation exposure distribution effects into its definition of dose equivalent. The fractional cell lethality model for prediction of hematological response is integral in the analysis.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Health Physics; 28; June 197
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  • 5
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    Proton-tissue dose buildup factors (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: When an object is exposed to external radiation, the dose field within the object is a complicated function of the character of the external radiation, the shape of the object (including orientation), and the object's material composition. In this note, the dose conversion factors for protons in tissue are represented using buildup factors. A parametric form for the buildup factors is obtained. The values of the parameters are derived from Monte Carlo calculations of various authors. All the necessary information to estimate nuclear reaction effects in proton irration of convex objects of arbitrary shape is included.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Health Physics; 31; Aug. 197
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  • 6
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    The effect of hyperthermia on the radiation response of crypt cells in mouse jejunum (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The effect of hyperthermia and/or gamma-radiation on the survival of intestinal crypt cells was studied in BDF sub 1 mice using a microcolony assay. Hyperthermia treatments, which in themselves caused no detectable cell lethality, inhibited the capacity of crypt cells to repair sublethal radiation damage. In addition, heat applied either before or after single radiation exposures potentiated lethal damage to crypt cells; the degree of enhancement was dependent on the time interval between treatments. At the levels of heating employed, DNA synthesis in the intestinal epithelium was significantly reduced immediately following exposure, but returned rapidly to normal levels. No further disturbances in cellular kinetics were observed for up to 10 days after heating.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Hyperthermia as an Antineoplastic Treatment Modality; p 33-43
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  • 7
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    Dose rate and repair effects on cell damage in earth orbit (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-04-02
    Description: Radiobiology experiments performed in space will encounter continuous exposures to the cosmic rays and fractionated exposures to trapped protons which accumulate to several hundred dose fractions in a few weeks. Using models of track structure and cellular kinetics combined with models of the radiation environment and radiation transport, we consider calculations of damage rates for cell cultures. Analysis of the role of repair mechanisms for space exposures for the endpoints of survival and transformation is emphasized.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Life Sciences and Space Research 25 (2) Radiation Biology: Topical Meeting of the COSPAR Interdisciplinary Scientific Commission F of the COSPAR 29th Plenary Meeting, Washington, DC, Aug. 28-Sep. 5, 1 (ISSN 0273-1177); 14; 10; p. 121-124
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  • 8
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    Galactic cosmic ray radiation levels in spacecraft on interplanetary missions (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-04-02
    Description: Using the Langley Research Center Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) transport computer code (HZETRN) and the Computerized Anatomical Man (CAM) model, crew radiation levels inside manned spacecraft on interplanetary missions are estimated. These radiation-level estimates include particle fluxes, LET (Linear Energy Transfer) spectra, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent within various organs of interest in GCR protection studies. Changes in these radiation levels resulting from the use of various different types of shield materials are presented.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Life Sciences and Space Research 25 (2) Radiation Biology: Topical Meeting of the COSPAR Interdisciplinary Scientific Commission F of the COSPAR 29th Plenary Meeting, Washington, DC, Aug. 28-Sep. 5, 1 (ISSN 0273-1177); 14; 10; p. 863-871
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  • 9
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    Estimates of HZE particle contributions to SPE radiation exposures on interplanetary missions (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-04-02
    Description: Estimates of radiation doses resulting from possible HZE (high energy heavy ion) components of Solar Particle Events (SPEs) are presented for crews of manned interplanetary missions. The calculations assume a model spectrum obtained by folding measured solar flare HZE particle abundances with the measured energy spectra of SPE alpha particles. These hypothetical spectra are then transported through aluminum spacecraft shielding. The results, presented as estimates of absorbed dose and dose equivalent, indicate that HZE components by themselves are not a major concern for crew protection but should be included in any overall risk assessment. The predictions are found to be sensitive to the assumed spectral hardness parameters.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Life Sciences and Space Research 25 (2) Radiation Biology: Topical Meeting of the COSPAR Interdisciplinary Scientific Commission F of the COSPAR 29th Plenary Meeting, Washington, DC, Aug. 28-Sep. 5, 1 (ISSN 0273-1177); 14; 10; p. 671-674
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  • 10
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    Proton tissue dose for the blood forming organ in human geometry: Isotropic radiation (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A computer program is described which calculates doses averaged within five major segments of the blood forming organ in the human body taking into account selfshielding of the detailed body geometry and nuclear star effects for proton radiation of arbitrary energy spectrum (energy less than 1 GeV) and isotropic angular distribution. The dose calculation includes the first term of an asymptotic series expansion of transport theory which is known to converge rapidly for most points in the human body. The result is always a conservative estimate of dose and is given as physical dose (rad) and dose equivalent (rem).
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3089 , L-9628
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