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  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (22)
  • AEROSPACE MEDICINE  (14)
  • 1
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    Effect of prolonged space flight on cardiac function and dimensions (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: By taking advantage of the capabilities of echocardiography to measure noninvasively left ventricular volume, stroke volume, and ejection fraction, and of the fact that the astronauts were routinely subjected to lower body negative pressure (whereby cardiac filling is progressively decreased), it was possible to construct classic ventricular function curves noninvasively, thereby obviating the difficulties encountered in comparing cardiac function at different end-diastolic volumes preflight and postflight. In this manner, the effect of an 84-day period of weightlessness on cardiac structure and function was evaluated in the Skylab 4 astronauts.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA., JSC Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 366-371
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  • 2
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    Studies of acid-base homeostasis during simulated weightlessness: Application of the water immersion model to man (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effects of water immersion on acid-base homeostasis were investigated under carefully controlled conditions. Studies of renal acidification were carried out on seven healthy male subjects, each consuming a diet containing 150 meq sodium and 100 meq potassium. Control and immersion studies were carried out on each subject on the fourth and sixth days, respectively, of dietary equilibration, by which time all subjects had achieved sodium balance. The experimental protocols on study days were similar (except for the amount of water administered).
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the 1973 JSC Endocrine Program Conf.; 11 p
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  • 3
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    Effect of prolonged space flight on cardiac function and dimensions (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Echocardiographic studies were performed preflight 5 days before launch and on recovery day and 1, 2, 4, 11, 31 and 68 days postflight. From these echocardiograms measurements were made. From these primary measurements, left ventricular end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, stroke volume, and mass were derived using the accepted assumptions. Findings in the Scientist Pilot and Pilot resemble those seen in trained distance runners. Wall thickness measurements were normal in all three crewmembers preflight. Postflight basal studies were unchanged in the Commander on recovery day through 68 days postflight in both the Scientist Pilot and Pilot, however, the left ventricular end-diastolic volume, stroke volume, and mass were decreased slightly. Left ventricular function curves were constructed for the Commander and Pilot by plotting stroke volume versus end-diastolic volume. In both astronauts, preflight and postflight data fell on the same straight line demonstrating that no deterioration in cardiac function had occurred. These data indicate that the cardiovascular system adapts well to prolonged weightlessness and suggest that alterations in cardiac dimensions and function are unlikely to limit man's future in space.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Skylab Life Sci. Symp., Vol. 2; p 711-721
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  • 4
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    Effects of water immersion on plasma catecholamines in normal humans (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An investigation was conducted in order to determine whether water immersion to the neck (NI) alters plasma catecholamines in normal humans. Eight normal subjects were studied during a seated control study (C) and during 4 hr of NI, and the levels of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) as determined by radioenzymatic assay were measured hourly. Results show that despite the induction of a marked natriuresis and diuresis indicating significant central hypervolemia, NI failed to alter plasma NE or E levels compared with those of either C or the corresponding prestudy 1.5 hr. In addition, the diuresis and natriuresis was found to vary independently of NE. These results indicate that the response of the sympathetic nervous system to acute volume alteration may differ from the reported response to chronic volume expansion.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology (ISSN 0161-7567); 54; Jan. 198
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  • 5
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    Characterization of renal response to prolonged immersion in normal man (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: ?jDuring the initial phase of space flight, there is a translocation of fluid from the lower parts of the body to the central vascular compartment with a resultant natriuresis, diuresis, and weight loss. Because water immersion is regarded as an appropriate model for studying the redistribution of fluid that occurs in weightlessness, an immersion study of relatively prolonged duration was carried out in order to characterize the temporal profile of the renal adaptation to central hypervolemia. Twelve normal male subjects underwent an immersion study of 8-h duration in the sodium-replete state. Immersion resulted in marked natriuresis and diuresis which were sustained throughout the immersion period. The failure of that natriuresis and diuresis of immersion to abate or cease despite marked extracellular fluid volume contraction as evidenced by a mean weight loss of -2.2 + or - 0.3 kg suggests that central blood volume was not restored to normal and that some degree of central hypervolemia probably persisted.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory; vol. 49
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  • 6
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    Effects of vasopressin administration on diuresis of water immersion in normal humans (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The influence of vasopressin suppression on the diuresis encountered during water immersion is investigated in studies on normal humans immersed to the neck. Six hydrated male subjects were studied on two occasions while undergoing 6 h of immersion without or during the administration of aqueous vasopressin for the initial 4 h. Neck immersion is found to result in a significant increase in urinary flow rate beginning in the first hour and persisting throughout the immersion. The administration of vasopressin markedly attenuated the diuretic response throughout the period of infusion, while cessation of vasopressin administration during the final 2 h of immersion resulted in a marked offset of the antidiuresis. Results thus support the view that the suppression of antidiuretic hormone contributes to the immersion diuresis of hydrated subjects.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory; vol. 51
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  • 7
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    Effects of water immersion to the neck on pulmonary circulation and tissue volume in man (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A rapid noninvasive breathing method is used to obtain serial measurements of the pulmonary capillary blood flow, diffusing capacity per unit of alveolar volume, combined pulmonary tissue plus capillary volume, functional residual capacity, and oxygen consumption in five normal subjects undergoing 6 h of sitting, 4 h of sitting while immersed to the neck in thermoneutral water, and 4 h of lying in thermoneutral water to the neck. The rebreathing method employed a test gas mixture containing 0.5% C2H2, 0.3% C(18)O, 10% He, 21% O2, and balance N2. It is shown that immersion to the neck in the seated posture results in significant increases in sodium excretion cardiac output, and diffusing capacity per unit of alveolar volume. The pulmonary tissue plus capillary volume did not change, demonstrating that the central vascular engorgement induced by water immersion is not accompanied by significant extravasation of fluid into the pulmonary interstitial space.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology; 40; Mar. 197
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  • 8
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    Depth of immersion as a determinant of the natriuresis of water immersion (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The current study was undertaken to further assess the contribution of an immersion-induced hydrostatic pressure gradient on the redistribution of blood volume. The rate of sodium excretion by seated subjects was significantly increased by water immersion up to the chest and neck compared to waist immersion and controls. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that whereas immersion to the level of the diaphragm merely cancels the intravascular hydrostatic pressure gradient by providing an identical external gradient, immersion above the diaphragm level results in increased water pressure which tends to favor a shift in blood volume from the lower extremities.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine; vol. 146
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  • 9
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    Comparison of water immersion and saline infusion as a means of inducing volume expansion in man (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The study compares the natriuresis induced by head-out water immersion to that of a standard saline infusion and assesses the relative effectiveness of these two techniques as volume determinants of renal sodium and water handling in humans in a seated posture. The data obtained show that the volume stimulus of immersion is identical to that of standard saline-induced extracellular fluid volume expansion (ECVE) in normal seated subjects. The ability of head-out water immersion to induce a natriuresis without a concomitant increase in total blood volume and with a decrease in body weight suggests that water immersion may be preferred as an investigative tool for assessing the effects of ECVE in man.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology; 39; July 197
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  • 10
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    Suppression of ADH during water immersion in normal man (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A study was undertaken to ascertain whether diuresis induced by immersion is medicated by an inhibition of ADH. Immersion resulted in a progressive decrease in ADH excretion from 80.1 + or - 7 (SEM) to 37.3 + or - 6.3 microU/min (P less than 0.025). Cessation of immersion was associated with a marked increase in ADH from 37.3 + or - 6.3 microU/min to 176.6 + or - 72.6 microU/min during the recovery hour (P less than 0.05). Concomitant with these changes, urine osmolality decreased significantly beginning as early as the initial hour of immersion from 1044 + or - 36 to 542 + or - 66 mosmol/kg H2O during the final hour of immersion (P less than 0.001). These findings are consistent with the earlier suggestion that suppression of ADH release contributes to enhanced free water clearance in hydrated subjects undergoing immersion.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology; 38; June 197
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