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  • 550 - Earth sciences  (1)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Tooth wear can affect body condition, reproductive success and life expectancy. Poor dental health is frequently reported in the zoo literature, and abrasion-dominated tooth wear, which is typical for grazers, has been reported in captive browsing ruminants. The aim of this study was to test if a similar effect is evident in captive rhinoceros species. Dental casts of maxillary cheek teeth of museum specimens of captive black (Diceros bicornis; browser), greater one-horned (Rhinoceros unicornis; intermediate feeder) and white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum; grazer) were analysed using the recently developed extended mesowear method for rhinoceroses. Captive D. bicornis exhibited significantly more abrasion-dominated tooth wear than their free-ranging conspecifics (p〈0.001), whereas captive C. simum exhibited significantly less abrasion-dominated tooth wear, particularly in the posterior cusp of the second molar (p=0.005). In R. unicornis, fewer differences were exhibited between free-ranging and captive animals, but tooth wear was highly variable in this species. In both free-ranging and captive D. bicornis, anterior cusps were significantly more abrasiondominated than posterior cusps (p〈0.05), which indicates morphological differences between cusps that may represent functional adaptations. By contrast, tooth wear gradients between free-ranging and captive animals differed, which indicates ingestaspecific influences responsible for intertooth wear differences. Captive D. bicornis exhibited more homogenous tooth wear than their free-ranging conspecifics, which may be caused by an increase in the absolute dietary abrasiveness and a decrease in relative environmental abrasiveness compared to their freeranging conspecifics. The opposite occurred in C. simum. The results of this study suggest that diets fed to captive browsers are too abrasive, which could result in the premature loss of tooth functionality, leading to reduced food acquisition and processing ability and, consequently, malnourishment.
    Keywords: Rhinoceros ; mesowear ; tooth wear ; captivity ; nutrition ; browser ; grazer
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Recent excavations at the Eocene maar lake of Mahenge (Tanzania) by a German/Tanzanian team produced more than 1,900 fossil vertebrate, plant and trace fossils, among which fishes (51 %) make up the largest part, followed by plant remains (36 %). Surface outcrops of lacustrine sediments suggest that the Eocene crater lake was about 400 m in diameter. A 3.8 meter long section of lacustrine deposits has been documented, among which are 1.1 meter of basal lacustrine sediments that never before have been exposed. Despite intense and most probably early diagenetic dolomitization sedimentary fabrics are well preserved. Sediments from the central part of the basin are well-bedded and in places show a fine and distinctive lamination. The overall sedimentation rate in the lake centre is estimated at 0.93 mm/year. Plant fossils are characterized by an abundance of (mostly) unattached Leguminosae leaflets representing at least eight taxa out of the total of 22-23 leaf taxa distinguished so far. The Eocene vegetation at Mahenge obviously was structurally similar to the modern "miombo" woodlands of Tanzania, which are also dominated by caesalpinioid legumes. Combined with the sedimentological data, the fossil flora indicates an overall dry climate with pronounced seasonality. The Mahenge maar lake has provided five different groups of fishes plus others still undescribed. These comprise the oldest known cichlids which may represent an early species flock. Ecological requirements of the extant relatives indicate redundant evidence of the existence of a shallow water area at the lakes margins. Mammals are so far only represented by the type specimen of Tanzanycteris mannardi Gunnell et al. (2003). T. mannardi differs from all known comparable Eocene microbats in having a much larger cochlear diameter relative to basicranial width. The extremely enlarged cochlea indicates that this bat had already developed sophisticated echolocation abilities. It is possible that Tanzanycteris represents a relatively primitive ancestral rhinolophoid but the balance of its other character states aligns it with the middle Eocene Messel Hassianycteridae. Mahenge and related maar lake deposits represent a rarely sampled temporal and geographical window, which is expected to produce more significant new information about the evolution of Paleogene ecosystems in Africa, the origin of the Malagasy biota and the origin of several modern groups of plants and vertebrates, especially mammals. ---------------- German ---------------- Neue Ausgrabungen im eozänen Maarsee von Mahenge (Tansania) durch ein deutsch/tansanisches Team haben mehr als 1900 fossile Vertebraten, Pflanzen und Spurenfossilien erbracht, unter denen Fische (51 %) den größten Teil ausmachen, gefolgt von Pflanzenresten (36 %). Aufschlüsse lakustriner Sedimente belegen, dass der eozäne Kratersee ungefähr einen Durchmesser von 400 m hatte. Ein 3,8 m langes Profil in lakustrinen Sedimenten wurde dokumentiert, darunter sind 1,1 m basale lakustrine Sedimente, die noch niemals zuvor aufgeschlossen waren. Obwohl eine intensive, sehr wahrscheinlich postdiagenetische Dolomitisierung stattgefunden hat, ist das sedimentäre Gefüge gut erhalten. Sedimente aus dem zentralen Abschnitt des Beckens sind gut geschichtet und zeigen stellenweise eine feine Laminierung. Die Sedimentationsrate im Seezentrum wird auf 0,93 mm/Jahr geschätzt. Unter den pflanzlichen Fossilien sind die meist isoliert gefundenen Blattfiedern von Leguminosen am häufigsten. Sie repräsentieren mindestens acht Taxa aus der Gesamtheit von 22-23 Blatttaxa, die bislang unterschieden werden konnten. Die eozäne Vegetation von Mahenge war offensichtlich ähnlich strukturiert wie die modernen Miombowälder von Tansania, die auch von caesalpinoiden Leguminosen dominiert werden. Kombiniert mit den sedimentologischen Daten, zeigt die fossile Flora ein insgesamt trockenes Klima mit ausgeprägter Saisonalität an. Der Kratersee von Mahenge hat fünf verschiedene Gruppen von Fischen geliefert, sowie andere, die noch unbeschrieben sind. Die Fischfossilien umfassen die ältesten bekannten Cichliden, bei denen es sich um einen frühen Artenschwarm handeln könnte. Die ökologischen Anforderungen der rezenten Verwandten liefern redundante Hinweise auf die Existenz einer Flachwasserzone an den Seerändern. Säugetiere sind bislang nur durch das Typusexemplar von Tanzanycteris mannardi Gunnell et al. 2003 belegt. T. mannardi unterscheidet sich von allen bekannten vergleichbaren eozänen Kleinfledermäusen durch einen im Verhältnis zur Basicranialbreite viel größeren Durchmesser der Cochlea. Die extrem vergrößerte Cochlea belegt, dass die Fledermaus schon die komplexe Fähigkeit der Echoorientierung entwickelt hatte. Es ist möglich, dass T. mannardi eine relativ ursprüngliche Rhinolophide ist. Die Ausgewogenheit ihrer sonstigen Merkmale stellen sie jedoch in eine Reihe mit den Hassianycteridae aus dem Mitteleozän von Messel. Mahenge und assoziierte Maarseesedimente repräsentieren ein bisher selten belegtes zeitliches und geographisches Fenster, von dem weitere bedeutsame neue Informationen zur Evolution paläogener Ökosysteme in Afrika, dem Ursprung der Malagasi-Biota und dem Ursprung verschiedener moderner Gruppen von Landpflanzen und Vertebraten, insbesondere der Säugetiere, erwartet werden können.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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