ALBERT

Description: The Mars Science Laboratory spacecraft, containing the Curiosity rover, was launched to Mars on 26 November 2011, and for most of the 253-day, 560-million-kilometer cruise to Mars, the Radiation Assessment Detector made detailed measurements of the energetic particle radiation environment inside the spacecraft. These data provide insights into the radiation hazards that would be associated with a human mission to Mars. We report measurements of the radiation dose, dose equivalent, and linear energy transfer spectra. The dose equivalent for even the shortest round-trip with current propulsion systems and comparable shielding is found to be 0.66 +/- 0.12 sievert.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zeitlin, C -- Hassler, D M -- Cucinotta, F A -- Ehresmann, B -- Wimmer-Schweingruber, R F -- Brinza, D E -- Kang, S -- Weigle, G -- Bottcher, S -- Bohm, E -- Burmeister, S -- Guo, J -- Kohler, J -- Martin, C -- Posner, A -- Rafkin, S -- Reitz, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 31;340(6136):1080-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1235989.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USA. zeitlin@boulder.swri.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23723233" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Insects are the most speciose group of animals, but the phylogenetic relationships of many major lineages remain unresolved. We inferred the phylogeny of insects from 1478 protein-coding genes. Phylogenomic analyses of nucleotide and amino acid sequences, with site-specific nucleotide or domain-specific amino acid substitution models, produced statistically robust and congruent results resolving previously controversial phylogenetic relations hips. We dated the origin of insects to the Early Ordovician [~479 million years ago (Ma)], of insect flight to the Early Devonian (~406 Ma), of major extant lineages to the Mississippian (~345 Ma), and the major diversification of holometabolous insects to the Early Cretaceous. Our phylogenomic study provides a comprehensive reliable scaffold for future comparative analyses of evolutionary innovations among insects.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Misof, Bernhard -- Liu, Shanlin -- Meusemann, Karen -- Peters, Ralph S -- Donath, Alexander -- Mayer, Christoph -- Frandsen, Paul B -- Ware, Jessica -- Flouri, Tomas -- Beutel, Rolf G -- Niehuis, Oliver -- Petersen, Malte -- Izquierdo-Carrasco, Fernando -- Wappler, Torsten -- Rust, Jes -- Aberer, Andre J -- Aspock, Ulrike -- Aspock, Horst -- Bartel, Daniela -- Blanke, Alexander -- Berger, Simon -- Bohm, Alexander -- Buckley, Thomas R -- Calcott, Brett -- Chen, Junqing -- Friedrich, Frank -- Fukui, Makiko -- Fujita, Mari -- Greve, Carola -- Grobe, Peter -- Gu, Shengchang -- Huang, Ying -- Jermiin, Lars S -- Kawahara, Akito Y -- Krogmann, Lars -- Kubiak, Martin -- Lanfear, Robert -- Letsch, Harald -- Li, Yiyuan -- Li, Zhenyu -- Li, Jiguang -- Lu, Haorong -- Machida, Ryuichiro -- Mashimo, Yuta -- Kapli, Pashalia -- McKenna, Duane D -- Meng, Guanliang -- Nakagaki, Yasutaka -- Navarrete-Heredia, Jose Luis -- Ott, Michael -- Ou, Yanxiang -- Pass, Gunther -- Podsiadlowski, Lars -- Pohl, Hans -- von Reumont, Bjorn M -- Schutte, Kai -- Sekiya, Kaoru -- Shimizu, Shota -- Slipinski, Adam -- Stamatakis, Alexandros -- Song, Wenhui -- Su, Xu -- Szucsich, Nikolaus U -- Tan, Meihua -- Tan, Xuemei -- Tang, Min -- Tang, Jingbo -- Timelthaler, Gerald -- Tomizuka, Shigekazu -- Trautwein, Michelle -- Tong, Xiaoli -- Uchifune, Toshiki -- Walzl, Manfred G -- Wiegmann, Brian M -- Wilbrandt, Jeanne -- Wipfler, Benjamin -- Wong, Thomas K F -- Wu, Qiong -- Wu, Gengxiong -- Xie, Yinlong -- Yang, Shenzhou -- Yang, Qing -- Yeates, David K -- Yoshizawa, Kazunori -- Zhang, Qing -- Zhang, Rui -- Zhang, Wenwei -- Zhang, Yunhui -- Zhao, Jing -- Zhou, Chengran -- Zhou, Lili -- Ziesmann, Tanja -- Zou, Shijie -- Li, Yingrui -- Xu, Xun -- Zhang, Yong -- Yang, Huanming -- Wang, Jian -- Wang, Jun -- Kjer, Karl M -- Zhou, Xin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 7;346(6210):763-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1257570. Epub 2014 Nov 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK)/Zentrum fur Molekulare Biodiversitatsforschung (ZMB), Bonn, Germany. xinzhou@genomics.cn b.misof.zfmk@uni-bonn.de kjer@aesop.rutgers.edu wangj@genomics.cn. ; China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, China. BGI-Shenzhen, China. ; Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK)/Zentrum fur Molekulare Biodiversitatsforschung (ZMB), Bonn, Germany. Australian National Insect Collection, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (Australia) (CSIRO), National Research Collections Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia. ; Abteilung Arthropoda, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Bonn, Germany. ; Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK)/Zentrum fur Molekulare Biodiversitatsforschung (ZMB), Bonn, Germany. ; Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA. ; Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 08854, USA. ; Scientific Computing, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Heidelberg, Germany. ; Institut fur Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum Jena, FSU Jena, Germany. ; Steinmann-Institut, Bereich Palaontologie, Universitat Bonn, Germany. ; 2. Zoologische Abteilung (Insekten), Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, Austria. Department of Integrative Zoology, Universitat Wien, Vienna, Austria. ; Institut fur Spezifische Prophylaxe und Tropenmedizin, Medizinische Parasitologie, Medizinische Universitat Wien (MUW), Vienna, Austria. ; Department of Integrative Zoology, Universitat Wien, Vienna, Austria. ; Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK)/Zentrum fur Molekulare Biodiversitatsforschung (ZMB), Bonn, Germany. Sugadaira Montane Research Center/Hexapod Comparative Embryology Laboratory, University of Tsukuba, Japan. ; Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand. ; Center for Advanced Modeling, Emergency Medicine Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21209, USA. ; BGI-Shenzhen, China. ; Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. ; Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Japan. ; Sugadaira Montane Research Center/Hexapod Comparative Embryology Laboratory, University of Tsukuba, Japan. ; Land and Water Flagship, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, Australia. ; Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. ; Entomology, Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde Stuttgart (SMNS), Germany. ; Ecology Evolution and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia. National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA. Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. ; Department fur Botanik und Biodiversitatsforschung, Universitat Wien, Vienna, Austria. ; Scientific Computing, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Heidelberg, Germany. Natural History Museum of Crete, University of Crete, Post Office Box 2208, Gr-71409, Iraklio, and Biology Department, University of Crete, Iraklio, Crete, Greece. ; Department of Biological Sciences and Feinstone Center for Genomic Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA. ; Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias, Centro de Estudios en Zoologia, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico. ; Leibniz Supercomputing Centre of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Garching, Germany. ; Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. ; Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum London, London, UK. ; Abteilung Entomologie, Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. ; Australian National Insect Collection, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (Australia) (CSIRO), National Research Collections Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia. ; Scientific Computing, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Heidelberg, Germany. Fakultat fur Informatik, Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie, Karlsruhe, Germany. ; California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA. ; Department of Entomology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, China. ; Sugadaira Montane Research Center/Hexapod Comparative Embryology Laboratory, University of Tsukuba, Japan. Yokosuka City Museum, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan. ; Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. ; Systematic Entomology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. ; BGI-Shenzhen, China. Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. Princess Al Jawhara Center of Excellence in the Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China. Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. xinzhou@genomics.cn b.misof.zfmk@uni-bonn.de kjer@aesop.rutgers.edu wangj@genomics.cn. ; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA. xinzhou@genomics.cn b.misof.zfmk@uni-bonn.de kjer@aesop.rutgers.edu wangj@genomics.cn. ; China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, China. BGI-Shenzhen, China. xinzhou@genomics.cn b.misof.zfmk@uni-bonn.de kjer@aesop.rutgers.edu wangj@genomics.cn.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25378627" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉