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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2009-08-22
    Description: We recently reported the chemical synthesis, assembly, and cloning of a bacterial genome in yeast. To produce a synthetic cell, the genome must be transferred from yeast to a receptive cytoplasm. Here we describe methods to accomplish this. We cloned a Mycoplasma mycoides genome as a yeast centromeric plasmid and then transplanted it into Mycoplasma capricolum to produce a viable M. mycoides cell. While in yeast, the genome was altered by using yeast genetic systems and then transplanted to produce a new strain of M. mycoides. These methods allow the construction of strains that could not be produced with genetic tools available for this bacterium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lartigue, Carole -- Vashee, Sanjay -- Algire, Mikkel A -- Chuang, Ray-Yuan -- Benders, Gwynedd A -- Ma, Li -- Noskov, Vladimir N -- Denisova, Evgeniya A -- Gibson, Daniel G -- Assad-Garcia, Nacyra -- Alperovich, Nina -- Thomas, David W -- Merryman, Chuck -- Hutchison, Clyde A 3rd -- Smith, Hamilton O -- Venter, J Craig -- Glass, John I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 25;325(5948):1693-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1173759. Epub 2009 Aug 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19696314" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Centromere ; *Cloning, Molecular ; DNA Methylation ; DNA Restriction Enzymes/genetics/metabolism ; Deoxyribonucleases, Type III Site-Specific/genetics ; *Gene Transfer Techniques ; *Genetic Engineering ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Mycoplasma capricolum/*genetics ; Mycoplasma mycoides/*genetics/growth & development/isolation & purification ; Plasmids ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Deletion ; Transformation, Bacterial
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2010-05-22
    Description: We report the design, synthesis, and assembly of the 1.08-mega-base pair Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0 genome starting from digitized genome sequence information and its transplantation into a M. capricolum recipient cell to create new M. mycoides cells that are controlled only by the synthetic chromosome. The only DNA in the cells is the designed synthetic DNA sequence, including "watermark" sequences and other designed gene deletions and polymorphisms, and mutations acquired during the building process. The new cells have expected phenotypic properties and are capable of continuous self-replication.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibson, Daniel G -- Glass, John I -- Lartigue, Carole -- Noskov, Vladimir N -- Chuang, Ray-Yuan -- Algire, Mikkel A -- Benders, Gwynedd A -- Montague, Michael G -- Ma, Li -- Moodie, Monzia M -- Merryman, Chuck -- Vashee, Sanjay -- Krishnakumar, Radha -- Assad-Garcia, Nacyra -- Andrews-Pfannkoch, Cynthia -- Denisova, Evgeniya A -- Young, Lei -- Qi, Zhi-Qing -- Segall-Shapiro, Thomas H -- Calvey, Christopher H -- Parmar, Prashanth P -- Hutchison, Clyde A 3rd -- Smith, Hamilton O -- Venter, J Craig -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 2;329(5987):52-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1190719. Epub 2010 May 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20488990" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/analysis ; Base Sequence ; *Bioengineering ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Bacterial/chemical synthesis/genetics ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Gene Deletion ; Genes, Bacterial ; *Genetic Engineering ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mycoplasma capricolum/*genetics ; Mycoplasma mycoides/*genetics/growth & development/physiology/ultrastructure ; Phenotype ; Plasmids ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; Transformation, Bacterial
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2016-03-26
    Description: We used whole-genome design and complete chemical synthesis to minimize the 1079-kilobase pair synthetic genome of Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0. An initial design, based on collective knowledge of molecular biology combined with limited transposon mutagenesis data, failed to produce a viable cell. Improved transposon mutagenesis methods revealed a class of quasi-essential genes that are needed for robust growth, explaining the failure of our initial design. Three cycles of design, synthesis, and testing, with retention of quasi-essential genes, produced JCVI-syn3.0 (531 kilobase pairs, 473 genes), which has a genome smaller than that of any autonomously replicating cell found in nature. JCVI-syn3.0 retains almost all genes involved in the synthesis and processing of macromolecules. Unexpectedly, it also contains 149 genes with unknown biological functions. JCVI-syn3.0 is a versatile platform for investigating the core functions of life and for exploring whole-genome design.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hutchison, Clyde A 3rd -- Chuang, Ray-Yuan -- Noskov, Vladimir N -- Assad-Garcia, Nacyra -- Deerinck, Thomas J -- Ellisman, Mark H -- Gill, John -- Kannan, Krishna -- Karas, Bogumil J -- Ma, Li -- Pelletier, James F -- Qi, Zhi-Qing -- Richter, R Alexander -- Strychalski, Elizabeth A -- Sun, Lijie -- Suzuki, Yo -- Tsvetanova, Billyana -- Wise, Kim S -- Smith, Hamilton O -- Glass, John I -- Merryman, Chuck -- Gibson, Daniel G -- Venter, J Craig -- P41GM103412/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Mar 25;351(6280):aad6253. doi: 10.1126/science.aad6253.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. ; National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. ; Synthetic Genomics, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. ; National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA. ; J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Synthetic Genomics, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27013737" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Artificial Cells ; Codon/genetics ; DNA Transposable Elements ; DNA, Bacterial/*chemical synthesis/genetics ; Genes, Essential ; Genes, Synthetic/genetics/*physiology ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Mutagenesis ; Mycoplasma mycoides/*genetics ; Proteins/genetics ; RNA/genetics ; Synthetic Biology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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