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  • 1
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    Ocean response to a hurricane, part II : data tabulations and numerical modeling (2006)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Field observations of the ocean's forced stage response to three hurricanes, Norbert (1984), Josephine (1984) and Gloria (1985), are analyzed and presented in a storm-centered coordinate system. All three hurricanes had a non-dimensional speed of O(1) and produced a strongly rightward biased response of the ocean surface mixed layer (SML) transport and current. The maximum layer-averaged SML currents varried from 0.8 m S-1 in response to Josephine, which was a fairly weak hurricane, to 1.7 m S.l in response to Gloria, which was much stronger. In these two cases the current amplitude is set primarly by the strength of the wind stress and its efficiency of coupling with the SML current, and the depth of vertical mixing of the SML. The Norbert case (SML Burger number ≈ 1/2) was also affected by significant pressure-coupling with the thermocline that caused appreciable upwellng by inertial pumping and strong thermocline-depth currents, up to 0.3 m S-l, under the trailing edge of Norbert. The observed SML current has a vertical shear in the direction of the local wind of up to 0.01 S-l. This vertical shear causes the surface current to be larger than the layer-averaged SML current described above by typically 0.2 m S.l.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under grant No. N00014-89-J-I053.
    Keywords: Ocean models ; Wind-driven currents ; Aircraft measurements
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 3034212 bytes
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  • 2
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    SOFAR float Mediterranean outflow experiment : summary and data from 1986-88 (2006)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: In October, 1984, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution SOFAR float group began a three and a half year field program to measure the velocity field of the Mediterranean water in the eastern North Atlantic. The principal scientific goal was to learn how the Mediterranean salt tongue is produced by the general circulation and the eddy diffusion of the Canary Basin. Thirty-two floats were launched at depths near 1100 m: 14 in a cluster centered on 32°N, 24°W, with nearest neighbors at 20 km spacing, 10 at much wider spacing to explore regional variations of first order flow statistics, and 8 in three different Meddies (Mediterranean water eddies) in collaboration with investigators from Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the University of Rhode Island. The floats were launched in 1984 and 1985, and tracked with U.S. and French ALSs (moored listening stations) from October 1984 to June 1988. This report includes a summary of the whole three and a half year experiment, the final year and a half of data processed from the third ALS setting (October 1986-June 1988), and the first deep sea test of Bobber EB014 in the eastern subtropical North Atlantic (May 1986-May 1988). Approximately 60 years of float trajectories were produced during the three and a half years of the experiment.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through Grant Nos. OCE 82-14066, OCE 85-17375, OCE 86-00055, OCE 88-22826.
    Keywords: SOFAR floats ; Canary Basin ; Mediterranean outflow ; Jean Charcot (Ship) Cruise
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 3
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    SOFAR float trajectories from an experiment to measure the Atlantic cross equatorial flow (1989-1990) (2006)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Neutrally buoyant SOFAR floats at nominal depths of 800, 1800, and 3300 m were tracked for 21 months in the vicinity of western boundary currents near 6N and at several sites in the Atlantic near 11N and along the equator. Trajectories at 1800 m show a swift (〉50 cm/sec), narrow (100 km wide) southward-flowing Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) extending from 7N to the equator. At times (February-March 1989) DWBC water turned eastward and flowed along the equator and at other times (August-September 1990) the DWBC crossed the equator and continued southward. The mean velocity near the equator was eastward from February 1989 to February 1990 and westward from March 1990 to November 1990. Thus the cross-equatorial flow in the DWBC appeared to be linked to the direction of equatorial currents which varied over periods of more than a year. No obvious DWBC nor swift equatorial current was observed by 3300 m floats. Eight-hundred-meter floats revealed a northwestward intermediate level western boundary current although flow patterns were complicated. Three floats that significantly contributed to the northwestward flow looped in anticyclonic eddies that translated up the coast at 8 cm/sec. Six 800 m floats drifted eastward along the equator between 5S and 6N at a mean velocity of 11 cm/sec; one reached 5W in the Gulf of Guinea, suggesting that the equatorial current extended at least 35-40° along the equator. Three of these floats reversed direction near the end of the tracking period, implying low frequency fluctuations.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through Grant Nos. OCE-8521082, OCE-8517375, and OCE-9114656.
    Keywords: SOFAR floats ; Equatorial currents ; Deep Western Boundary Current ; Oceanus (Ship : 1975-) Cruise ; Columbus Iselin (Ship) Cruise
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 4
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    SOFAR float Mediterranean outflow experiment data from the second year, 1985-86 (2015)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: In October, 1984, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution SOFAR float group began a three-year-long field program to observe the low frequency currents in the Canary Basin. The principal scientific goal was to learn how advection and diffusion by these currents determine the shape and amplitude of the Mediterranean salt tongue. Fourteen floats were launched at a depth of 1100 min a cluster centered on 32°N, 24°W, and seven other floats were launched incoherently along a north/south line from 24°N to 37°N. At the same time investigators from Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the University of Rhode Island used four other SOFAR floats to tag a Meddy, a submesoscale lens of Mediterranean water. In October, 1985, seven additional floats were launched, four in three different Meddies, one of which was tracked during year 1. This report describes the second year of the floats launched in 1984 and the first year of the ones launched in 1985. Approximately 41 years of float trajectories were produced during the first two years of the experiment. One of the striking accomplishments is the successful tracking of one Meddy over two full years plus the tracking of two other Meddies during the second year.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grant Numbers OCE 82-14066 and OCE 86-00055.
    Keywords: Ocean currents
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 5
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    Intelligent chilled mirror humidity sensor (2015)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: A new, intelligent, chilled mirror humidity instrument has been designed for use on buoys and ships. The design goal is to make high quality dew point temperature measurements for a period of up to one year from an unattended platform, while consuming as little power as possible. Nominal system accuracy is 0.3°C, and a measure of data quality is provided to indicate possible drift in calibration. Energy consumption is typically 800 Joules per measurement; standby power consumption is 0.05 watts. Control of the instrument is managed by an onboard central processing unit which is programmable in BASIC, and communication to an external data logger is provided through an RS232 compatible interface. This report describes the preliminary sensor tests that led to this new design and provides the complete technical description required for fabrication.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under contract Number N00014-84-C-0134, and the National Science Foundation through grant Number OCE87- 09614.
    Keywords: Marine meteorology ; Meteorological instruments
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 6
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    SOFAR float Mediterranean outflow experiment data from the first year, 1984-1985 (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: In October, 1984, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution SOFAR float group began a three-year long field program to observe the low frequency currents in the Canary Basin. The principal scientific goal was to learn how advection and diffusion by these currents determine the shape and amplitude of the Mediterranean salt tongue. Fourteen floats were launched at a depth of 1100 min a cluster centered on 32N, 24W, and seven other floats were launched incoherently along a north/south line from 24N to 37N. At the same time investigators from Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the University of Rhode Island used four other SOFAR floats to tag a submesoscale lens of Mediterranean water. Slightly over twenty years of float trajectories were p reduced during the first year of the experiment. In this report we briefly describe the 1984 field operations and show the first year's SOFAR float data. Perhaps the most striking result is that westward flow within the Mediterranean salt tongue was found to be confined to a rather narrow jet {roughly 150 km in meridional extent) which had a mean speed of roughly 2 em s -l. To the north or south of this jet the mean flow was much weaker and eastward. This suggests that currents associated with the salt tongue itself {rather than the gyre scale circulation) may be most important for determining the salt distribution.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grant Nos. OCE 82-14066 and OCE 86-00055.
    Keywords: Ocean currents
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 7
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    Data tabulations and analysis of diurnal sea surface temperature variability observed at LOTUS (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Air/sea measurements from the Long-Term Upper Ocean Study (LOTUS) buoy in the Sargasso Sea are analyzed to learn how the diurnal response of sea surface temperature, ΔTs, is related to the surface heating, H, and the wind stress, S. Data are taken from the LOTUS-3 and LOTUS-5 records which span the summers of 1982 and 1983. The basic data are shown in monthly plots, and the analyzed daily values of ΔTs, H, and S are given in tables and in figures. Analyzed data show a clear trend of ΔTs increasing with H and decreasing with S. A best-fit, three-parameter, empirical function can account for 90 percent of the variance in a screened subset of the LOTUS data (172 days) and 81 percent of the variance of the full data set (361 days). The analyzed data are also compared with a theoretical model function now used for ocean predictions in the Diurnal Ocean Surface Layer model (DOSL) of Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center. The DOSL model function was derived from the assumption that wind-mixing occurs by a mechanism of shear flow instability. It is fully predictive and shows a parameter dependence consistent with the LOTUS data over a wide range of H and S. The DOSL model function can account for almost as much variance as the best-fit empirical function.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under contract Nos. N00014-76-C-0197, NR 083-400 and N00014-84-C-0134, NR 083-400.
    Keywords: Ocean temperature ; Ocean-atmosphere interaction
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 8
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    Upper ocean response to a hurricane (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as: Journal of Physical Oceanography 11 (1981): 153-175
    Description: The upper ocean response to a moving hurricane is studied using historical air-sea data and a three-dimensional numerical ocean model. Sea surface temperature (SST) response is emphasized. The model has a surface mixed-layer (ML) that entrains according to a velocity dependent parameterization, and two lower layers that simulate the response in the thermocline. The passage of Hurricane Eloise (1975) over buoy EB-10 is simulated in detail. SST decreased 2°C as Eloise passed directly over EB-10 at 8.5 m s-1. Model results indicate that entrainment caused 85% of the irreversible heat flux into the ML; air-sea heat exchange accounted for the remainder. The maximum SST response was predicted to be -3°C and to occur 60 km to the right of the hurricane track. This is consistent with the well-documented rightward bias in the SST response to rapidly moving hurricanes. The rightward bias occurs in the model solution because the hurricane wind-stress vector turns clockwise with time on the right side of the track and is roughly resonant with the ML velocity. High ML velocities cause strong entrainment and thus a strong SST response. Model comparisons with EB-10 data suggest that a wind-speed-dependent drag coefficient similar to Garratt's (1977) is appropriate for hurricane conditions. A constant drag coefficient 1.5 x w-s underpredicts the amplitude of upwelling and the SST response by -40%. Numerical experiments show that the response has a lively dependence on a number of air-sea parameters. Intense, slowly moving hurricanes cause the largest response. The SST response is largest where cold water is near the sea surface, i.e., where the initial ML is thin and the upper thermocline temperature gradient is sharp. Nonlocal processes are important to some aspects of the upper ocean response. Upwelling significantly enhances entrainment under slowly moving hurricanes (≤4 m s-1) and reduces the rightward bias of the SST response. Horizontal advection dominates the pointwise ML heat balance during the several-day period following a hurricane passage. Pressure gradients set up by the upwelling do not play an important role in the entrainment process, but are an effective mechanism for dispersing energy from the ML over a 5-10 day time scale.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0226.
    Keywords: Hurricanes ; Ocean-atmosphere interaction
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 9
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    Moored current meter data from the Canary Basin near 32°N, 24°W (1984-1986) Volume XL (2015)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Data are shown from a two-year current meter mooring in the Canary Basin near 32°N, 24°W. Current meters were located at depths of 470 m, 970 m, 1070 m and 2970 m during the period October 19, 1984 to October 4, 1986. The mooring deployment is part of an 1984-1988 experiment to measure features of advection and diffusion of Mediterranean outflow water with neutrally buoyant SOFAR floats.
    Description: Funding provided by the National Science Foundation under grant Nos. OCE 82-14066 and OCE 86-00055
    Keywords: Ocean currents ; Moored arrays
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 10
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    Site L SOFAR float experiment, 1982-1985 (2015)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Lagrangian measurements of low frequency currents in the vicinity of the Gulf Stream and its recirculation region in the western Sargasso Sea were made by tracking SOFAR floats. These floats were tracked using acoustic time of arrival information from an array of five Autonomous Listening Stations {ALSs) which were moored in the western Sargasso Sea. The ALSs performed almost flawlessly, returning over 90 percent of the possible data. Floats were released in three deployments of seven floats each in November 1982, February 1983, and June 1983. The floats were launched in initially coherent arrays (approximately 20 km spacing) at 34°N, 70°W, Site "L", and were ballasted for 700 m depth. The SOFAR floats themselves functioned with somewhat less than expected reliability; four floats failed fairly soon after launch, and several other floats suffered failures of their temperature and pressure telemetry. The majority of the SOFAR floats launched in this program produced long, and interesting trajectories. These new data will be valuable for estimating first order flow statistics in the dynamically important recirculation region, for visualizing interactions between the Gulf Stream and the New England Seamount Chain, and for estimating one and two particle diffusivities in a region of very high eddy energy.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grant Number OCE 81-17 467.
    Keywords: Oceanographic buoys ; Ocean circulation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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