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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Circulating fluidized bed as a catalytic reactor: Experimental study (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1534-1542 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In recent years, the circulating fluidized bed as a reactor has experienced increasing application in industry. A circulating fluidized bed (CFB) has some unique features as a chemical reactor. The performance of the CEB reactor was investigated in a O.25-m-dia. Riser system with ozone decomposition in the reactor. Both axial and radial profiles of ozone concentration are presented, as well as overall conversions under various reaction conditions. The effects of the operating conditions on the performance of the CFB reactor were examined. The experimental results show that the performance of a circulating fluidized bed as a reactor is much nearer to that of a well-mixed system than that of a plug-flow system. The effectiveness factor of the reactor seems to decrease with increase of solids holdup in the reactor.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410617
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visualization and simulation of bubble growth in pore networks (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 214-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nucleation and growth of bubbles in porous media are important problems encountered in processes such as pressure depletion and boiling. Experiments and numerical simulations are studied in micromodel geometries to understand their basic aspects. Experiments of bubble growth by pressure depletion are carried out in 2-D etched-glass micromodels and in Hele-Shaw cells. Nucleation of bubbles and subsequent growth of gas clusters are visualized. Contrary to the bulk or Hele-Shaw cells, gas clusters in the micromodel have irregular and ramified shapes and share many of the features of an external invasion process (such as percolation during drainage). A pore network numerical model developed simulates the growth of multiple gas clusters under various conditions. It is based on the solution of the convection-diffusion equation and accounts for capillary and viscous forces, which play an important role in determining growth patterns. Numerical simulation agrees well with the experimental results.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410203
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiconfigurational spin-adapted single-reference coupled cluster formalism (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 48 (1993), S. 269-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We exploit the unitary group formalism in formulating a multiconfigurational single-reference coupled cluster method for cases involving one or two electrons in open shells. The linear version of CCSD theory for the simple open shell case and for low lying singlet states of closed shell systems are considered in detail. The entire formalism is related to the unitary group based CISD method, and explicit expressions for size-extensivity corrections, leading to the L-CCSD formalism, are given. An illustrative example of the minimum basis set model of the BeH radical is also presented. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560480829
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of TdeV guard limiters by surface spectroscopies (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 21 (1994), S. 184-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In this study we have analysed coupons cut from one of the internal components of the TdeV tokamak, the stainless-steel side sheeting of a guard limiter, which was removed when the tokamak was modified at the end of 1988. Depth profiles of the accumulated layer of contaminants have been compiled by a variety of surface analytical techniques, including Auger electron spectroscopy, elastic recoil detection and scanning electron microscopy.Melting, arcing, bubbles and large exfoliated layers of coating are observed on the surface of the guard limiter. The damage becomes less severe with increasing distance from the plasma and disappears near the wall. The deposits consist of a mixture of carbon, oxygen, stainless steel and Inconel. Most of the deposited impurity is carbon. Of the deposited metal mixture, only about 6% is Inconel, implying that metal impurities originated mainly from the stainless-steel foils that form a frame around the guard limiter, whereas the Inconel bars were relatively untouched. The metal concentration is a maximum at the surface, coinciding with the maximum concentration of oxygen. Metal carbide appears to be formed with the metal deposits near the surface and at the interface with the substrate, whereas the middle layer consists mainly of ‘amorphous’ carbon.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740210304
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analysis of the crystallization behavior of poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(methyl methacrylate) blends by spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques (1984)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 22 (1984), S. 1331-1342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Infrared spectra in conjunction with calorimetric measurements have been used to follow the crystallization process and microstructural changes of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends. We have given particular attention to compositions containing low PEO concentrations. The crystallization behavior and the resultant microstructures of PEO are strongly perturbed by the presence of PMMA. In addition, we found phase separation and trans sequences of PEO to be present, especially at low PEO concentrations.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1984.180220715
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A postprocessed error estimate and an adaptive procedure for the semidiscrete finite element method in dynamic analysis (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 37 (1994), S. 3585-3603 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In the paper we present a postprocessed type of a posteriori error estimate and a h-version adaptive procedure for the semidiscrete finite element method in dynamic analysis. In space the super-convergent patch recovery technique is used for determining higher-order accurate stresses and, thus, a spatial error estimate. In time a postprocessing technique is developed for obtaining a local error estimate for one step time integration schemes (the HHT-α method). Coupling the error estimate with a mesh generator, a h-version adaptive finite element procedure is presented for two-dimensional dynamic analysis. It updates the spatial mesh and time step automatically so that the discretization errors are controlled within specified tolerances. Numerical studies on different problems are presented for demonstrating the performances of the proposed adaptive procedure.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620372102
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR GRADIENT PLASTICITY AT LARGE STRAINS (1996)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 619-633 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: gradient plasticity ; strain localization ; mixed strain element method ; large strain ; consistent algorithm ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element method for gradient elasto-plastic continuum in which the yield strength of strain hardening/softening materials not only depends on the effective plastic strain but also on its Laplacian is presented. The consistent integration algorithm to update the stress and the internal state variable at integration points and the consistent compliance matrix for the gradient plasticity are formulated in the non-local sense.The methodology to derive the finite element formulation for the gradient plasticity at large strains presented in this paper is applicable to general finite element analysis; the formulation in the context of the two-dimensional four-noded mixed finite element with one integration point and mean von Mises yield criterion is particularly derived.Numerical examples are tested to demonstrate the capability and performance of the present finite element method at large strain in solving for the strain localization problem.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STRUCTURAL DYNAMIC ANALYSIS BY A TIME-DISCONTINUOUS GALERKIN FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (1996)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 2131-2152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: discontinuous Galerkin finite element method ; predictor-multicorrector ; adaptive time integration ; structural dynamics ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper studies a time-discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for structural dynamic problems, by which both displacements and velocities are approximated as piecewise linear functions in the time domain and may be discontinuous at the discrete time levels. A new iterative solution algorithm which involves only one factorization for each fixed time step size and a few iterations at each step is presented for solving the resulted system of coupled equations. By using the jumps of the displacements and the velocities in the total energy norm as error indicators, an adaptive time-stepping procedure for selecting the proper time step size is described. Numerical examples including both single-DOF and multi-DOF problems are used to illustrate the performance of these algorithms. Comparisons with the exact results and/or the results by the Newmark integration scheme are given. It is shown that the time-discontinuous Galerkin finite element method discussed in this study possesses good accuracy (third order) and stability properties, its numerical implementation is not difficult, and the higher computational cost needed in each time step is compensated by use of a larger time step size.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A preliminary quantum-chemical study of the mechanisms for the reactions of perchlorofluoroethanes with nucleophiles initiated by chlorophilic attacks (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 103-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A preliminary theoretical study of the mechanisms for the reactions of the perchlorofluoroethanes CF2ClCCl3 (1), CF2ClCCl2F (2) and CF3CCl3 (3), with nucleophiles has been carried out by the MNDO method, following the experimentally suggested process shown in Scheme 1. The unlikely chlorophilic attack in the first step of Scheme 1 has been shown to be feasible for 1, 2 and 3 by analysis of the MO interactions. The second step has been found to be affected by the anionic hyperconjugation which stabilizes the anions CF2ClCCl2- (4), CF2ClCClF- (5) and CF3CCl2- (6) and would make reactions (2) (the second step) unfeasible in gas phase, but in solution reaction (2) may still easily occur for 4 and 5.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610020203
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of freezing of bovine preimplantation embryos derived from oocytes fertilized in vitro on survival of their inner cell mass cells (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 37 (1994), S. 272-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Bovine ; Embryo ; Freezing ; Inner cell mass ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The morphology of the inner cell mass (ICM) cells and the proportion of dead ICM cells in frozen-thawed bovine preimplantation embryos were investigated by differential fluorochrome staining. Embryos at the blastocyst stage of development were frozen and thawed by two different techniques (three-step and one-step) in two different basic salt solutions (PBS and TCM 199) containing 1.36M glycerol. After thawing and glycerol removal, embryos were co-cultured in a cumulus cells monolayer in TCM 199 for 48 hr (morula) or 24 hr (blastocysts). Differential cell counts of the ICM and trophectoderm were then done using differential fluorochrome staining. Overall, there was no significant difference in the viability of embryos frozen in the two basic salt solutions. Low proportions of dead ICM cells were observed in embryos frozen at the morula stage in both PBS (19.1%) or TCM 199 (18.0%). However, blastocyst stage embryos frozen by the three-step technique had a higher (P 〈 0.05) proportion of dead ICM cells in TCM 199 (37.7%) than in PBS (18.2%). Blastocysts frozen by the one-step technique had a higher (P 〈 0.05) proportion of dead ICM cells (42.2%) than those frozen by the three-step technique (18.2%), regardless of basic salt solutions. Results indicate that freezing and thawing damages ICM cells in morphologically normal embryos and that the degree of damage depended on the basic salt solution and the freezing method. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080370305
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