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  • 1
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    Shallow subsurface structure of the 2009 April 6Mw 6.3 L’Aquila earthquake surface rupture at Paganica, investigated with ground-penetrating radar (2011)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-09
    Description: The shallow subsurface structure of the 2009 April 6 Mw 6.3 L’Aquila earthquake surface rupture at Paganica has been investigated with ground penetrating radar to study how the surface rupture relates spatially to previous surface displacements during the Holocene and Pleistocene. The discontinuous surface rupture stepped between en-echelon/parallel faults within the overall fault zone that show clear Holocene/Pleistocene offsets in the top 10 m of the subsurface. Some portions of the fault zone that show clear Holocene offsets were not ruptured in 2009, having been bypassed as the rupture stepped across a relay zone onto a fault across strike. The slip vectors, defined by opening directions across surface cracks, indicate dip-slip normal movement, whose azimuth remained constant between 210◦ and 228◦ across the zone where the rupture stepped between faults. We interpret maximum vertical offsets of the base of the Holocene summed across strike to be 4.5 m, which if averaged over 15 kyr, gives a maximum throw-rate of 0.23–0.30 mm yr–1, consistent with throw-rates implied by vertical offsets of a layer whose age we assume to be ∼33 ka. This compares with published values of 0.4 mm yr–1 for a minimum slip rate implied by offsets of Middle Pleistocene tephras, and 0.24 mm yr–1 since 24.8 kyr from palaeoseismology. The Paganica Fault, although clearly an important active structure, is not slipping fast enough to accommodate all of the 3–5 mm yr–1 of extension across this sector of the Apennines; other neighbouring range-bounding active normal faults also have a role to play in the seismic hazard.
    Description: Published
    Description: 774–790
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Ground penetration radar ; Aquila earthquake ; extension ; active tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capillary condensation of water vapor within a particulate bed (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 32 (1986), S. 501-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For situations in which capillary condensation of water occurs (e.g., within porous media), the thermodynamics can usually be studied by means of the Laplace and Young equations and a compressibility equation. We show here that the compressibility equation for the liquid does not reflect the criteria of equal gas and liquid phase potential changes at equilibrium, for departures from a specified reference state.Carman (1953) concluded that the capillary condensate can exist in a state of tension for large vapor-liquid pressure differentials and may exhibit physical properties that differ substantially from normal values. The familiar Kelvin equation is used to calculate the capillary curvature and is derived from the general Laplace and Young relationship. Melrose (1966) has obtained this relationship by matching the coefficients of the internal free energy and hydrostatic balances of the system shown in Figure 1.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690320318
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design parameters estimation for scale-up of high-pressure bubble columns (1992)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 38 (1992), S. 544-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments were carried out in bubble columns for a number of liquids at pressures between 0.1 and 2.0 MPa for two column sizes. Based on the experimental results as well as extensive literature data, the extent of the effect column dimensions have on gas holdup were determined, both at low and high pressures (which is of importance to scale-up). It was also demonstrated that none of the published empirical gas holdup equations incorporate the influence of gas density accurately. Therefore, a new improved gas hold-up equation is developed that incorporates the influence of gas and liquid properties with an average error of approximately 10%. Finally, it is also discussed to what extent theinfluence of pressure on other important design parameters such as the interfacial area, the liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient, and gas and liquid mixing, can be estimated on the basis of empirical equations.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690380408
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase separation of primary dispersions in beds packed with spherical packings (1975)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 910-917 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies have been made of the behavior of drops in primary dispersions flowing through beds packed with glass ballotini in order to establish the mechanism of phase separation. The buoyancy and surface forces have been analyzed in terms of drop size and shape in the interstice in the packing and the physical properties of the dispersion. A mathematical model has been developed to describe drop behavior in the bed, and the drop size in the effluent dispersion has been predicted from established correlations.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690210512
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The steady and unsteady state analysis of a simple gas centrifuge (1976)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 564-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The operating theory of the gas centrifuge is developed under both steady and unsteady state behavior. It is shown that countercurrent flow patterns in a gas centrifuge enhance the possible separation. The effect of self-diffusion of the gaseous mixtures is shown to be significant with low molecular weight gases but of less significance with heavy gases such as uranium isotopes. The time required to develop steady state pressure and concentration profiles is in the order of minutes, even with no net flow to and from the machine.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690220321
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fractal dimensions and porosities of Zoogloea ramigera and Saccharomyces cerevisae aggregates (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 38 (1991), S. 389-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: length-projected area ; length-number scaling ; Zoogloea ramigera ; Saccharomyces cerevisae ; fractal geometry ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The fractal nature microbial aggregates is a function of the type of microorganism and mixing conditions used to develop aggregates. We determined fractal dimensions from length-projected area (D2) and length-number scaling (D3) relationships. Aggregates of Zoogloea ramigera developed in rotating test tubes were both surface and mass fractals, with fractal dimensions of D2 = 1.69 ± 0.11 and D3= 1.79 ± 0.28 (±standard deviation), respectively. When we grew this bacteria in a bench-top fermentor, aggregates maintained their surface fractal characteristics (D2 = 1.78 ± 0.11) but lost their mass fractal characteristics (D3 = 2.99 ± 0.36). Yeast aggregates (Saccharomyces cerevisae) grown in rotating tests tubes had higher average fractal dimensions than bacterial aggregates grown under physically identical conditions, and were also considered fractal (D2 = 1.92 ± 0.08 and D3 = 2.66 ± 0.34). Aggregates porosity can be expressed in term of a fractal dimensions, but average porosities are higher than expected. The porosities of yeast aggregates (0.9250-0.9966) were similar to porosities of bacterial aggregates (0.9250-0.9966) cultured under the same physical conditions, although bacterial aggregates developed in the reactor had higher average porosities (0.9857-0.9980). These results suggest that that scaling relationships based on fractal geometry may be more useful than equations derived from Euclidean geometry for quantifying the effects of different fluid mechanical environments on aggregates morphology and characteristics such as density, porosity, and projected surface area.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260380409
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of the cytoskeleton in the reaction of fibroblasts to multiple grooved substrata (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 31 (1995), S. 147-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; contact guidance ; microfilaments ; microtubules ; orientation ; cytochalasin ; colcemid ; taxol ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The role of the cytoskeleton and cell attachments in the alignment of baby hamster kidney fibroblasts to ridge and groove substratum topography was investigated using confocal scanning microscopy. This was carried out with normal cells and cells treated with the cytoskeleton modifiers cytochalasin D, colcemid, and taxol. Actin was localised with fluorescent phalloidin. Tubulin, Vinculin, and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 were visualised by indirect immunofluoresence. The spreading, elongation, and orientation of the cells after 24 h of culture in these conditions were measured on grooves of 5, 10, and 25 μm width and 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 μm depth. We have also observed events over the first 30 min of cell attachment. Five minutes after cell attachment, F-actin condensations were seen close to the intersection of groove wall and ridge top, that is, at a topographic discontinuity. The condensations were often at right angles to the groove edge and showed a periodicity of 0.6 μm. Vinculin arrangement at the early stages of cell spreading was similar to that of actin. Organisation of the microtubule system followed later, becoming obvious at about 30 min after cell plating. The Curtis and Clark theory (that cell react to topography primarily at lines of discontinuity in the substratum by actin nucleation) is supported by these results. The use of cytoskeletal poisons did not entirely abolish cell reaction to grooves. Colocemid increased cell spreading and reduced cell orientation and elongation. Cytochalasin D reduced cell spreading, orientation, and elongation. Taxol reduced cell elongation but did not affect cell spreading and orientation. We conclude that the aggregation of actin along groove/ridge boundaries is a primary driving event in determining fibroblast orientation on microgrooved substrata.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970310207
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vibrational modes in the agonist and antagonist action of ligands on the β1-adrenoceptor and some receptor site geometry (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 151-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A one-dimensional model for the agonist action of phenoxypropanolamine agents on the β1-adrenoceptor can be based on two electronegative receptor sites positioned from known ligand-receptor interactions. One of these sites interacting with the protonated amine moiety of the ligand and associated with the initiation of stimulus action was shown to be consistent with the presence of an anion in a related article. Contraction of the relevant unbound phenoxypropanolamine conformer is required to enhance the charge-charge interaction. The free energy of contraction of the phenoxypropanolamine conformer with consequent movement of the side chain polar moieties to a position more coincident with that of an ethanolamine has been estimated in two parts using minimal basis STO-3G calculations. The unprotonated species was considered adequate for estimating the intrinsic changes in the backbone compression. Movement of the aromatic ring in the one-dimensional axis due to in-plane meta and para hydrogen atom distortion was earlier shown to be consistent with a displacement of 0.1 Å with an enthalpy requirement of 2.2 kcal. For the aliphatic side chain, an STO-3G enthalpy estimate of 4.6 kcal was required for a movement of 1.0 Å in the position of the protonated amine moiety towards the aromatic ring. Changes in vibrational contributions due to the contraction were small, the entropic contribution being 0.15 kcal, giving a free energy of distortion in the aliphatic side chain of 4.7 kcal. The net movement of the protonated amine and its attendant β-hydroxyl is thus some 1.1 Å in the onedimensional axis for an estimated expenditure of 6.8 kcal enthalpy. Since there is an estimated 6-7 kcal enthalpic advantage shown by the side chain's polar interaction in agonist as opposed to antagonist action, this degree of distortion is consistent with the production of a partial agonist. In the dominant axis of the compression model, the phenoxypropanolamine phenyl ring lies some 0.5-0.7 Å below that of the nonarenaline conformer. The net lowering of the amine moiety in this axis would therefore be 1.6-1.8 Å, but for its raising by 1.9 Å due to the presence of the —OCH2 moiety. The estimate for the distortion for each of the receptor polar sites for agonist interaction would be less than 0.15 Å. In addition, there may be a further 1-2 kcal of free energy still available for further ligand distortion due to the potential amplification of the stimulus signal. The energetics of the model are therefore of the right order in estimating the position of polar receptor sites with good accuracy.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560400717
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrostatic interactions and conformation of some thromboxane antagonists (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 67-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A class of thromboxane antagonists exists where the prostaglandin side chain containing the C16 hydroxyl moiety is replaced by a phenyl ring, and the bridged six-membered pyranose moiety by cyclohexane, pyranose and dioxane ring systems. Analysis of antagonist potency data in terms of a binding constant model previously used for membrane bound receptor-drug interactions shows that the major patterns of antagonist potency are governed as much by axial/equatorial conformer preference of the phenyl moiety and its orientation as by electrostatic effects of the aliphatic ring oxygen atoms. The conformational restriction of the two substituted side chains of the σ-bonded 6-membered ring is shown to be a primary requirement for binding to thromboxane receptors, and a quantitative separation of electrostatic and conformational components in the potency data is attempted.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560340708
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An examination of the use of principal component analysis and target factor analysis for the determination of Auger depth profiles in two magnetic multilayer metal systems - Cu/Co and Co/PtEnlarged version of papers presented at QSA8 and ECASIA '95. (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 23 (1995), S. 858-872 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Target factor analysis and principal component analysis have been applied to Auger spectra acquired from two metallic multilayer systems (Cu/Co and Co/Pt) depth profiled using ion beam bevelling. Both multilayers contained alternating 10 nm films, the Co/Pt being capped with 25 nm of Co. The results reveal the expected improvement in the precision of the depth profiles because of the amount of information included in the factor analysis. However, the data sets always contain more factors than expected from the number of different elements present. These extra factors are revealed by examination of the principal components as being due to the depth dependence of the inelastic scattering at energies lower than the Auger features. This yields more information about the samples than can be obtained from inspection of the raw spectra but compromises the accuracy of quantification of the depth profiles.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740231303
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