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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 323-329 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Velocity distributions, pressure gradients, and overall pressure drops are presented. A definite concavity was found in the velocity profile near the entrance for case I. In case II, which is more realistic physically, very definite effects are transmitted upstream, and the velocity distributions downstream show little concavity.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 658-663 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Catalytic decomposition of nitric oxide at a concentration of 0.404 and 0.432% by volume in nitrogen was studied in a tubular flow reactor. The packing consisted of alumina pellets impregnated with 0.1% by weight of platinum oxide and 3.0% by weight of nickel oxide. Tests were conducted at pressures of 1 to 15 atm. and temperatures from 800° to 1,000°F. A rate equation correlating the data as a function of temperature, pressure, and compositions was developed. A reaction mechanism compatible with the rate equation is proposed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1551-1554 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 39 (1992), S. 1128-1132 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: lipolytic rates ; hydrolysis ; tributyrin ; Candida rugosa ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A dramatic change of the reaction rate was observed for the lipase-catalyzed hyrolysis of tributyrin in a batch reactor. Immediately after the addition of the enzyme, the lipolysis rate increased continuously until a maximal reaction rate was reached. The duration of the induction was mainly controlled by the bulk enzyme concentration and the reactor stirring speed. The reaction rate dropped sharply after reaching its maximal value. The lipolysis decayed at a rate of about 0.012 min-1, and was not affected by changes of the stirring speed. This decay was attributed to the fast deactivation of the surface-adsorbed lipase, and possibly to the extremely slow desorption of the inactivated species. For reaction time longer than 120 minutes, the lipolysis decreased at a much slower rate. Several mechanisms for the decay of the lipolysis rate were discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 40 (1992), S. 1115-1118 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: microencapsulation ; poly(vinylamine) ; cell culture ; mechanical strength ; erythropoietin ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Poly(vinylamine) was synthesized and used to replace poly-L-lysine in forming microcapsule with alginate. Test results indicated that capsules with good mechanical strength and permeability could be obtained under the controlled treatment conditions of poly(vinylamine) and alginate. Application of the current microcapsular system to cell culture was demonstrated by the usage of erythropoietin- (EPO-) producing IW32 mouse erythroleukemia cells. The encapsulated IW32 cells grew to a density of 8 × 107 cells/mL, two times that found in the corresponding poly-L-lysine/alginate capsules. The EPO accumulation inside the microcapsule with the current encapsulation system was also higher. A concentration of 7.3 U/mL was attained as compared to 4.3 U/mL in the poly-L-lysine/alginate microcapsule. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 40 (1992), S. 446-449 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: urea sensor ; plasma reaction ; poly(propylene) membrane ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Urease was immobilized on the plasma-aminated surface of a hyfrophobic poly(propylene) (PP) membrane. This membrane, with urease matrix on one side while maintaining its original hydrophobic property on the other, was used to construct the urea sensor. The new urea sensors had response sensitivities ranged from 19 mV/decade to 30 mV/decade depending on the conditions of the plasma reaction. The enzyme electrode using single membrane gave a shorter response time as compared to the corresponding conventional electrode employing two seperate PP membranes. The sensitivity of the enzyme electrode increased with increasing buffer pH and reached a maximal level (40 mV/decade) at pH 7.6. The response sensitivity of the electrode was not affected by the change of buffer strength. Deamination of the plasma-modified hydrophobic PP membrane did not occur in aqueous environment judging from the stability of the urea electrode up to 12 days of operation. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 562-569 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Einfluß der Wärmebehandlung von Cu-Ni 70/30 Legierungen auf die Lochkorrosionsempfindlichkeit in Meerwasser bei verschiedenen TemperaturenMit Proben unterschiedlichen Gefüges aus kommerziellen CuNi 70/30 Legierungen wurden verschiedene Versuchsserien durchgeführt. Das Gefüge der homogenisierten Proben wurde durch Glühbehandlungen modifiziert, wodurch die Korngröße erheblich zunahm und intermetallische Verbindungen ausgeschieden wurden.Elektrochemische Untersuchungen und Versuche bei freier Korrosion erfolgten bei 20, 40, 60 und 80°C in ruhendem Meerwasser mit einem pH-Wert von 8,2 und einem gelösten Sauerstoffgehalt zwischen 6,5 ppm (bei 20°C) und 3,0 ppm (bei 80°C). Die an der Metalloberfläche anhaftenden Korrosionsprodukte wurden mit chemischen und XPS Methoden analysiert.Folgende Befunde konnten festgestellt werden:-bei den homogenisierten und geglühten Proben wurde mit steigender Temperatur eine Abnahme der Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit und der selektiven Kupferauflösung beobachtet.-die geglühten Proben weisen im gesamten Temperaturbereich die höchsten Korrosionsgeschwindigkeiten auf und erleiden Lochkorrosion bei niedriger Temperatur.
    Notes: A series of experiments was carried out on Cu-Ni 70/30 commercial alloy specimens presenting different microstructures. The microstructure of homogeneized specimens was modified with annealing treatments by which grain size significantly increased and intermetallic compounds precipitated, thus creating some dishomogeneity in the alloy.Free corrosion and electrochemical tests were carried out at 20, 40, 60, 80°C in quiescent sea water at pH 8.2 with dissolved oxygen (D.O) content ranging from 6.5 ppm (at 20°C) to 3.0 ppm (at 80°C). The corrosion products adherent to the metallic surface were analyzed with chemical and XPS methods.The following could be observed:-with increasing temperature, a decrease in corrosion rate and selective copper dissolution was observed in homogeneized and annealed specimens-the annealed specimens have the highest corrosion rate in the whole temperature range and undergo pitting corrosion at low temperature.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 46 (1995), S. 3-12 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Auswertung lokaler Korrosionsphänomene mit der elektrochemischen Impedanzspektroskopie (EIS) und der elektrochemischen Rauschanalyse (ENA)Die Anwendung der elektrochemischen Impedanzspektroskopie (EIS) und der elektrochemischen Rauschanalyse (ENA) für die zerstörungsfreie Bewertung von Korrosionsprozessen wird an drei Modellsystemen vorgestellt. EIS kann zur Feststellung und Überwachung örtlicher Korrosion an Al-Legierungen sowie zur Bestimmung von Lochwachstumsgesetzen, die zur Lebensdauervorhersage dienen, eingesetzt werden. Werte des elektrochemischen Potential- und Stromrauschens können im Zeit- und im Frequenzbereich analysiert werden. Ein Vergleich in 0,5 N NaCl ausgesetztem Pt und eines Al 2009/SiC Metallmatrixverbundwerkstoffes (MMC) hat gezeigt, daß die alleinige Verwendung der Potentialrauschwerte zu falschen Schlußfolgerungen hinsichtlich der Korrosionskinetik und der Korrosionsmechanismen führen kann. Die Werte des elektrochemischen Rauschens wurden mit Hilfe der Kraftspektraldichte-Verläufe (PSD) ausgewertet, um mechanistische Informationen zu erhalten.Das System Fe/NaCl wurde eingesetzt, um die Beziehung zwischen dem aus den EIS-Werten erhaltenen Polarisationswiderstand Rp und dem aus der statistischen Analyse der Potential- und Stromrauschwerte bestimmten Rauschwiderstand Rn zu ermitteln. Potential- und Stromrauschen können gleichzeitig aufgenommen werden, was die Erstellung von Rauschspektren ermöglicht, aus denen der spektrale Rauschwiderstand Rsn0 bestimmt werden kann als die Grenze bei der Frequenz Null. Für Eisen, das in NaCl-Lösungen unterschiedlicher Korrosivität ausgelagert wurde, ist eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen RP, Rn und Rsn0 zu beobachten.Für polymerbeschichteten Stahl, der 5 Monate in 0,5 N NaCl ausgelagert war, erlaubt die Analyse der EIS-Werte, Schlußfolgerungen hinsichtlich der Enthaftung der Beschichtung und der mit der Zeit abnehmenden Widerstandsfähigkeit der Beschichtung zu ziehen. Die für eine Alkyd-Beschichtung auf kaltgewalztem Stahl aus den elektrochemischen Rauschdaten ermittelten Werte für Rn und Rsn0 stimmen miteinander überein und zeigen die gleiche Zeitabhängigkeit wie RP und der Porenwiderstand Rpo, die aus den EIS-Werten bestimmt wurden; sie sind aber deutlich niedriger als Rn and Rsn0. Die Beziehung der abgeleiteten Rauschparameter wie Rn und Rsn0 zu den Beschichtungseigenschaften und zu der verbleibenden Lebensdauer einer Polymerbeschichtung sind zur Zeit noch nicht geklärt.
    Notes: The use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical noise analysis (ENA) for non-destructive evaluation of corrosion processes is illustrated for three model systems. EIS can be used to detect and monitor localized corrosion of Al alloys and determine pit growth laws which can be used for lifetime prediction purposes. Electrochemical potential and current noise data can be analyzed in the time and the frequency domain. A comparison of noise data obtained for Pt and an Al 2009/SiC metal matrix composite (MMC) exposed to 0.5 N NaCl has shown that the use of potential noise data alone can lead to erroneous conclusions concerning corrosion kinetics and mechanisms. The electrochemical noise data have been evaluated using power spectral density (PSD) plots in an attempt to obtain mechanistic information. The system Fe/NaCl has been used to determine the relationship between the polarization resistance Rp obtained from EIS data and the noise resistance Rn determined by statistical analysis of potential and current noise data. Potential and current noise can be recorded simultaneously allowing construction of noise spectra from which the spectral noise resistance Rsn0 can be obtained as the limit for zero frequency. Good agreement between RP, Rn and Rsn0 has been observed for iron exposed to NaCl solutions of different corrosivity. For polymer coated steel exposed to 0.5 N NaCl for five months analysis of EIS data allows to draw conclusions concerning the degree of disbonding of the coating and the decrease of the coating resistivity with exposure time. Rn and Rsn0 obtained from electrochemical noise data for an alkyd coating on cold rolled steel agree with each other and show the same time dependence as Rp and the pore resistance Rpo determined from EIS data, but are significantly lower than Rp and Rpo. The relationships of derived noise parameters such as Rn and Rsn0 to coating properties and to the remaining lifetime of a polymer coating are not clear at present.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 121 (1984), S. 49-57 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurden die Verträglichkeit und die mechanischen Eigenschaften von Mischungen von Polyurethanelastomeren und Polyvinylchlorid untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten eine teilweise Verträglichkeit zwischen Polyurethan und Polyvinylchlorid. Wenn der Anteil von PVC in den Mischungen 75% überstieg, nahm die Verträglichkeit ab. Auf der anderen Seite verbesserte die Erhöhung des Molekulargewichtes des Glykols im Polyurethan die Verträglichkeit. Die Dehnung nahm ab und der Young Modul stieg an in dem Verhältnis, wenn der Gewichtsanteil von PVC in den Mischungen erhöht wurde. Die Zugfestigkeit erreichte ein Minimum, wenn das Verhältnis PUR:PVC = 50:50 betrug.
    Notes: The compatibility and the mechanical properties of the blends of polyurethane (PU) elastomer and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) were studied. The results showed partial compatibility between PU and PVC. When the portion of PVC in blends exceeded 75%, the compatibility decreased. On the other hand, increasing the molecular weight of the glycol in PU improved the compatibility. The elongation decreased and the Young's modulus increased as the proportion of the weight of PVC in blends was increased. The tensile strength reached a minimum when PU/PVC was 50/50.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 28 (1990), S. 1431-1441 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Positron annihilation spectroscopy has been used to study free volume in an arnine-cured epoxy as a function of external pressure at temperatures above and below the glass transition temperature. The observed ortho-positronium lifetime τ3 and formation probability I3 decreased with increasing pressure. The decrease in τ3 is interpreted in terms of a corresponding decrease in average free-volume hole size over the range from 0.135 to 0.045 nm3. The fractional free-volume and the free-volume compressibility in the epoxy are calculated as functions of pressure at 100°C.
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