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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterizing patterns in plant somatic embryo cultures: Its morphology and development (1994)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 40 (1994), S. 1728-1740 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: While being developed, plant somatic embryos change shape and increase size. An effective kinetic description of growth and development of somatic embryos is important for process scale-up and optimization. An essential component of such a kinetic description is the developmental characterization of the individual embryos present in culture. Embryo morphological data obtained by image processing techniques were transformed into sizeand size-independent morphological descriptors. Qualitative relations between the descriptors and geometric properties of the embryos were established to interpret the results. For training, a branch-and-bound search technique was used to search for optimal subsets of descriptors, as determined by member clustering and class separability properties evaluated from within-class and between-class scatter matrices. In the classification mode, individuals were identified using a voting nearest neighbor classifier. This nonparametric nearest-neighbor classifier was trained on optimal projections of the feature space established from developmental stage discrimination (branch-and-bound algorithm). Using a test population, normal and abnormal embryos and callus were assigned to six morphological classes. The image-analysis-based classification was in 80-90% agreement compared to the results obtained through visual classification by an experienced operator.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690401013
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple roll systems: Steady-state operation (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1045-1060 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Roll coaters for applying liquid coating to continuous strip or web are, with some two-roll exceptions, systems of three or more rolls in which liquid passes through two or more gaps or nips between rolls. Yet most of the literature on roll coating is devoted to some of the 11 distinct flows in individual gaps or nips. This article analyzes how the final coated layer thickness in several types of forward roll transfer and reverse roll coating systems depends, at steady state, on the number of rolls, their speeds, the gaps between roll pairs, and the doctoring of recycle films from the rolls. The inputs to the analysis are elementary mass balances at the gaps, and simple gap performance equations that approximate well the available experimental and theoretical findings about flow rates and film-splits at individual gaps. The results are fundamentals-based means of understanding, comparing, predicting, and ultimately designing performance of multiple roll systems.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410502
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An advanced image analysis system for evaluation of somatic embryo development (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: somatic embryo ; plant cell culture ; image analysis ; pattern recognition ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Somatic embryogenesis is among the most promising means of large scale plant micropropagation. The development of somatic embryos is characterized by their morphological changes. Embryos in culture usually exhibit high heterogeneity and abnormality. As conventional microscopic observation is laborious and subjective, an objective and quantitative morphokinetic description is important for further advancement of this important process technology. We developed an image analysis system capable of measuring morphological and size features of embryos. Subtle environmental effects on embryo development, which are often masked by the subjectivity of microscopic observation, are now discernible by statistically comparing the distributions of these morphological and size features. This image analysis and pattern recognition system was applied to examine the kinetics of a fed-batch culture. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphological kinetics and distribution in somatic embryo cultures (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 44 (1994), S. 368-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Daucus carota L. ; embryos ; kinetics ; morphology ; pattern recognition ; image analysis ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The environmental effects on developing somatic embryos should be characterized not only by the growth based on biomass, but also by the morphological properties and size. We have previously developed a discrete classifier to separate developing embryos into distinct morphological classes. In this study, a continuous descriptor using the distributions of magnitude of features representing morphological characteristics and size information was used to describe the developing embryo populations. The identity of the population was examined by comparing either the distributions of all features or key features. The method was applied to characterize the kinetics of carrot embryo populations cultivated in the presence and absence of triiodobenzoic acid(TIBA), an inhibitor of auxin polar transport. Optimal sample size for morphological characterization was determined by the invariance of feature distributions with further increase in sample size. The overall growth and substrate consumption kinetics were only slightly affected by the presence of TIBA. However, the distribution of morphological features was significantly affected. The features showing the highest statistical significance were related to those corresponding to the roughness. The continuous descriptor for characterizing developing embryo population is potentially useful for quality control in large-scale operations. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260440315
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population and biomass kinetics in fed-batch cultures of Daucus carota L. somatic embryos (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 41 (1993), S. 811-818 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: somatic embryo ; Daucus carota ; development ; fed-batch culture ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The population dynamics of developing somatic embryos of carrot (Daucur carota L.) was investigated in batch and fed-batch cultures using modified Murashige and Skoog medium. These substrate limitations coincided not only with stoppage of biomass increase, but also with the increase in total concentration of embryos as well as the advancement of the embryo into a more mature stage. Both glucose and ammonium were depleted from the culture. Restoring either glucose, or ammonium and nitrate, as to approximately initial concentrations in fed-batch experiments, did not result in a significant increase of the total normal embryo concentration. On the other hand, medium replacement led to increase in biomass concentration, total embryo number, and improved embryo maturity. The addition of a mixture of glucose, ammonium, and nitrate to the spent medium resulted in variable increases in biomass and embryo number, but always less than those resulting from media replacement. Although the total number of embryos was higher after medium replacement, the fraction of embryos reaching torpedo stage was still only 50%. The need for a better means of population characterization for further kinetic studies is discussed. © 1993 Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260410807
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Probing the morphological developmental path of plant embryos by image tracking (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 60 (1998), S. 425-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: embryo development ; pattern formation ; image analysis ; somatic embryogenesis ; carrot ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An image analysis and pattern recognition system was applied to track the morphological changes of individual plant somatic embryos during the course of their development into mature embryos. A Fourier descriptor was used to transform the morphological information into quantitative features (Fourier features), which are amenable to mathematical and statistical analysis. At a given time point, the status of each developing embryo is represented by a point in the multidimension feature space spanned by these Fourier features. Connecting each point representing the individual embryos over time gives a trajectory which depicts the embryos' developmental “path” or history. Large variations in embryo development were observed, which is consistent with the population heterogeneity seen in batch embryo cultures. The rate at which each embryo progresses in the feature space was measured by a developmental vector. For embryos in a given class or developmental stage, the magnitude of the developmental vector exhibited a wide distribution. The results revealed that embryos with a higher developmental rate during the early stage of development had a higher chance of reaching the mature stage in a relatively short time. This single embryo tracking method is potentially a valuable tool in developing a correlation between the embryo's morphological features during the early stage of development and its eventual developmental fate. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 60: 425-433, 1998.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of dynamically programmed scans to generate parent-ion tandem mass spectra with the ion-trap mass spectrometer (1990)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 4 (1990), S. 108-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A method is described whereby, under software control, the scan function employed to collisionally excite ions in an ion-trap mass spectrometer is regulated so as to obtain parent ion (fixed product) tandem mass spectral data. At the same time, constant neutral-loss information is also provided. Key features are the automatic ‘intelligent’ selection of parent ions from observation of the initial mass spectrum and the scanning of the applied ‘tickle’ frequency in order to locate the precise resonance points for excitation of these ions. Results for the model compounds perfluorotributylamine (‘FC43’) and n-butylbenzene are reported and complicating effects such as the unimolecular decay of the precursor ion species and charge exchange between product ions and the original sample material are discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1290040404
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A detailed study of the characteristics of the ion-trap mass spectrometer using dynamically programmed scans (1990)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 4 (1990), S. 415-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The aims of the investigation were to use the method of dynamically programmed scans to study in detail some tandem mass spectrometric characteristics of the ion-trap mass spectrometer and then to use the programs to investigate the possibility of performing benchtop gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry experiments on the standard instrument. In particular we have examined the effect of applying a DC ramp during the ‘tickle’ period as a means of broadening the range of resonant frequencies, thereby facilitating the tuning required to effect excitation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1290041015
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Letter to the editor (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 5 (1991), S. 218-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1290050416
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Chiral Rhenium N-Pyrrolyl Complexes Regiochemistry of Electrophilic Addition and Unprecedented Rearrangements to Carbon-Ligated Species (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 294-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: electrophilic additions ; N-pyrrolyl complexes ; rearrangements ; rhenium compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reaction of [{Re}(OTf)] (1; {Re}  -  (η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3) and potassium pyrrolide gives the N-pyrrolyl complex 2, 88%). Reactions of 2 with (CF3CO)2O/N(C2H5)3 and CH3O2CC=CCO2CH3 give 3- and 2-substituted pyrrolyl complexes respectively (3, R/R′ = H/COCF3, 77%; 5, R/R′ = C(CO2CH3)=CHCO2CH3/H, 69-87%). Free pyrrole is much less reactive towards these reagents. Reactions of 2 and TfOH or HBF4·OEt2 give the 2H-pyrrole adducts +X- (7+X-; 89-83%). At 0-25°C in CH2Cl2, these rearrange to the carbon-ligated tautomers +X-(8+X-) and then +X-; (9+X-; 72-96 h, 90-96%). Reaction of 1 and pyrrole in refluxing toluene gives 8+TfO- and then 9-TfO- (92%). However, 1 and pyrrole react too slowly in CH2Cl2 to be intermediates in the conversion of 7+TfO- to 9+TfO-. Reaction of 9+ TfO- and KH gives the C-pyrrolyl complex (68%), which adds TfOH to give 9+TfO-. Mechanistic aspects of the preceding reactions are discussed. The crystal structures of 2 and 9+TfO- are determined, and the NC4Hx ligand conformations analyzed with extended Hückel MO calculations.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.19950010506
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