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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 577-587 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A framework is developed which provides predictions of multicomponent ion exchange equilibria from binary data.Experimental data are reported for the ion exchange equilibria of the binary systems SO42--Cl-, SO42--NO3-, and Cl--NO3- on a strong base anion exchange resin. These systems exhibit nonideal characteristics in both phases, and the experimental characterization has been based on the reaction equilibrium constants and correlations for the activity coefficients in both phases. The exchanger phase activity coefficients are obtained from the well known Wilson (1964) modelThe predictions of the ternary system SO42--NO3--Cl- based solely on the binary data are consistent with the experimental data for this system.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 785-814 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The metabolic fate of drugs and other xenobiotics in mammalian organisms represents an area of intense contemporary interest. Traditionally, it is a difficult area of research becausethe biological systems which are used to study biotransformations are capable of yielding only minute quantities of metabolites. Recent developments in comparative biochemistry have made itpossible to link diverse metabolic systems through similarities in the pathways by which they alter foreign organic compounds. The potential thus exists for utilizing microbial metabolic systems to study and possibly predict the metabolic fate of a drug or other foreign compound in mammals. The ease with which microbial systems may be used to obtain large amounts of metabolites is an obvious Advantage.We havhe attemped to review the ways in which mammalian and microbialorganisms metabolize a variety of organic compounds. Attention has been focused on the similarities and differences in the mechanisms by which these living systems metabolize xenobiotics. Particular emphasis has been given to four types of reactions which are important in drug biotransformations: aromatic hydroxylationl; N- and O-dealkylations; and sulfur oxygenations.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 60 (1998), S. 369-374 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: rotavirus ; virus-like particle ; insect cell lines ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When the three major structural proteins, VP2, VP6, and VP7, of rotavirus are co-expressed in insect cells infected with recombinant baculoviruses, they self-assemble into triple-layered virus-like particles (VLPs) that are similar in morphology to native rotavirus. In order to establish the most favorable conditions for the synthesis of rotavirus VLPs, we have compared the kinetics of 2/6/7-VLP synthesis in two different insect cell lines: High Five cells propagated in Excell 405 medium and Spodoptera frugiperda 9 cells in Excell 400 medium. The majority of VLPs produced in both cell lines were released into the culture medium, and these released VLPs were predominantly triple-layered and were found to be stable for the period of six or seven days examined. The optimal synthesis of VLPs depended upon the cell line and the culture medium used as well as the time of harvesting infected cell cultures. The highest yield of VLPs was obtained from High Five cultures in the late phase of infection when the yield was at least 5-fold higher than that from S. frugiperda 9 cultures on a per cell basis. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of High Five cells for the production of VLPs as potential rotavirus subunit vaccines. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 60: 369-374, 1998.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The flow and retarded-elastic behavior of four polyisobutylene specimens (M̄w 1.09 × 104 to 8.54 × 104), measured in a concentric cylinder rotational viscometer, are reported. Under the conditions investigated the non-Newtonian flow behavior can be represented by Ferry's equation. The logarithm of the viscosity η varied linearly with the reciprocal of the square of the absolute temperature. The time-scale for retarded elasticity was found to vary with temperature in the same way as the viscosity. The normalized retarded elasticity functions at temperatures corresponding to unit viscosity are substantially identical. The time corresponding to a normalized retarded elastic compliance of 0.5 is about 10-5 η second when η is in poises. The reciprocal steady state shear compliances 1/J and internal shear moduli Gi in Ferry's equation are of the same order of magnitude for each polymer. The retardation time function L(ln τ) is calculated for one of the polymers, and then the dynamic response; these results are in good agreement with dynamic measurements on this material. From a consideration of the stress relaxation behavior of high molecular polymers, it is pointed out that there must exist another retarded elasticity mechanism, the time-scale of which depends only on temperature and not on molecular weight. This second mechanism is masked in the reported experiments on low molecular polymers.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 153 (1992), S. 607-613 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We previously demonstrated that insulin accumulated in the nucleus in several cell types and partially characterized the uptake mechanisms and pathways in H35 rat hepatoma cells. Nuclear accumulation of insulin was energy independent, time, temperature, and insulin concentration dependent, but apparently nonsaturable. This study investigated further the initial endocytotic pathways that contribute to the nuclear accumulation of insulin using trypsin treatment of the cells to prevent insulin binding to its plasma membrane receptor. Total cell-associated, intracellular, and nuclear insulin were compared in control and trypsin-treated H35 hepatoma cells. Trypsin treatment markedly decreased total cell-associated and intracellular insulin as well as the nuclear accumulation of insulin when cells were incubated with 2.8 ng/ml insulin. When the cells were incubated with 100 ng/ml insulin, trypsin treatment totally inhibited insulin binding to the plasma membrane for at least 90 min. However, intracellular accumulation of insulin was reduced by only 50% at 60 min, and trypsin treatment failed to inhibit the nuclear accumulation of insulin. Chemical extraction and Sephadex G-50 chromatography revealed nuclear associated insulin in trypsin-treated cells was identical to that in control cells incubated with either 2.8 or 100 ng/ml insulin. These results suggest that a nonreceptor mediated uptake pathway, i.e., fluid-phase endocytosis, contributed significantly to the nuclear accumulation of insulin at high insulin concentrations, but at lower insulin concentrations the receptor-mediated pathway predominated. No matter which initial endocytotic route was used to internalize insulin, the insulin apparently associated with the same nuclear matrix proteins. This association of insulin with the nuclear matrix may be involved in regulation of nuclear events such as cell growth and differentiation or gene transcription. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 36 (1959), S. 233-257 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Moments of the molecular weight distribution have been measured in the equilibrium ultracentrifuge under ideal conditions for two rough fractions of polyisobutylene (Mw 1.6 × 104 and 1.31 × 105). Flow and elastic recovery measurements were made on these materials and on a series of blends; the non-Newtonian flow at small shear stresses was characterized by the reciprocal of the Ferry “internal shear modulus,” Gi, and the magnitude of the elastic recovery by the steady-state elastic compliance, Je. This was found to be about two to three times the magnitude of 1/Gi. Measured values of Mz+1 for the fractions appeared unreasonably high compared to values obtained by assuming a Lansing-Kraemer distribution. With either set of values of Mz+1 for the fractions, it was found that Je was proportional to the square of (MzMz+1/Mw) for these materials, in disagreement with the results of molecular theories, which predict proportionality with the first power of this function.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 411-426 
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: operant conditioning ; Pavlovian conditioning ; magnetic field ; detection ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Work in our laboratory has revealed autonomic and/or behavioral sensitivity of mice, rats, and a domestic fowl to extremely-low-frequency (ELF) or nominally static magnetic (B) fields at flux densities between 250 and 1700 μT (rms). To extend our work, an automated exposure and data-acquisition system was used with the technique of conditional suppression to assess behavioral sensitivity to time-varying B fields. Each of five rats was exposed aperiodically to a B field during 3 min warning periods that terminated in a brief electric shock. The difference between rates of lever pressing during B-field warning periods and rates during immediately antecedent, 3 min control periods was analyzed at frequencies of 7, 16, 30, 60, and 65.1 Hz. To produce equivalent induced voltages in the rat at each frequency, graded flux densities were established that ranged from 1900 μT at 7 Hz to 200 μT at 65.1 Hz. Analysis of differences in lever-pressing rates revealed that in a given session of testing the rats would increasingly suppress responding when exposed to a B field, but this trend was independent of frequency. This experiment provides evidence of behavioral sensitivity by a mammal to an ELF magnetic field. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 21-32 
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF ; EMF ; exposure assessment ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Research that has attempted to examine the relationship between work exposures to magnetic fields and health effects has suffered from limited exposure information. Power-frequency electric and magnetic (EM) field exposures vary substantially between industries, occupations, and individuals. In this study magnetic field data were collected for a variety of occupational categories within an electric utility. The sampling procedures emphasized craft occupations that were presumed to have higher exposures to magnetic fields. The objectives were to provide better exposure information for an ongoing cancer mortality study, examine the relationship between different summary measures of magnetic field exposure, and make available descriptive information useful for exposure reduction and worker education. Principal components analysis (PCA) and Varimax rotation were used to explore the relationships between the different summary measures among all utility workers and among the subset of electrical craft occupations. Discriminant analysis was used to assess summary measures of exposure that differentiated occupational groups. Measurements for 770 days generated a total of 42378 hours of magnetic field data. Eleven summary indices of exposure were calculated for specific occupational groups. These include arithmetic mean, geometric mean, median, 95th and 99th percentiles, and fraction of measurements exceeding .5, 1, 5, 10, and 100 μT. Electrical craft occupations had higher work exposures than non-craft occupations. Electricians and substation operators had the highest exposures among craft occupations.We identified subsets of summary measures that were intercorrelated. The first PCA axis included the geometric mean, median, and the fractions exceeding 0.5 and 1.0 μT. This set of measures also were best at discriminating occupational groups. The relevance of these findings may become more important if consistent associations are found between particular occupations and disease and particular occupations and magnetic field summary measures. Further research is needed to evaluate these exposure assessment findings. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 9 (1988), S. 387-391 
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: H fields ; trace elements ; nutrition ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Cyclotron resonance of ions has been proposed as a mechanism by which weak, extremely-low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields can act on biological systems. Critics of a mechanism predicated on resonance of lithium have argued that this element is virtually absent from the internal milieu of mammals and otherwise plays no role in the normal physiological functioning of the organism. Sophisticated techniques of trace-element analysis have recently revealed that lithium is a normal constituent of tissues of assayed mammals, including those of rats and human beings. There is evidence, too, that lithium is an important, biologically-active element. Cyclotron resonance may or may not be a mechanism by which ELF- and static-magnetic fields at low strengths combine to affect the organism, but rejection of this mechanism on the grounds that lithium is absent or is physiologically inadequate is unwarranted. Lithium is normally present and is metabolically active in many tissues, especially those of the of the neuroendocrine system.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1523-1537 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Detailed understanding of the mechanism of initiation and chain transfer in BCl3-coinitiated isobutylene polymerization led to the efficient synthesis of symmetric telechelic polyisobutylenes carrying ∼CH2C(CH3)2Cl groups at either end of the molecule Cl-PIB-Cl. The synthesis is based on the use of inifers, i.e., bifunctional initiator-transfer agents that effect controlled initiation and propagation in the absence of chain transfer to a monomer. Specifically, the synthesis of Cl-PIB-Cl was achieved by the p-dicumyl chloride/BCl3/isobutylene/CH2Cl2 system. According to the inifer mechanism each Cl-PIB-Cl contains two terminal tertiary chlorines and one phenyl group at the interior of the chains. The structure of this new symmetric telechelic polymer has been established by detailed characterization studies including a sensitive new gel permeation chromatography (UV plus RI) analysis method, 1H-NMR, kinetic experiments, and chemical derivatization. The Cl-PIB-Cl molecule is a key intermediate for the synthesis of hosts of new materials, e.g., triblock copolymers, α,ω-diolefins, and α,ω-difunctional polymers.
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