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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 40 (1992), S. 925-933 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: spinfilter ; perfusion ; filter clogging ; cell retertion ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A spinning cylindrical filter is often used to retain mammalian cells in a continuous perfusion bioreactor. This device, known as a spinfilter, has typically been with pore size smaller than the cell particles (single cells or aggregates) in order to achieve cell separation. For single cells in suspension, such an operation cannot be sustained over a long period of time because of clogging of the filter surface. Recently, screens with openings larger than the average cell size have been used to reduce the incidence of clogging. In this article, we have investigated how the screen size affects cell retention. We also showed why it is necessary to optimize the rotational speed of the spinfilter in order to achieve cell retention and reduce screen clogging. Effects of bulk mixing and perfusion rate on screen fouling cell retention, and cell washout were also investigated. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 43 (1994), S. 159-164 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: spinfilter ; perfusion ; filter clogging ; screen fouling ; cell retention ; scaleup ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A spinning cylindrical filter, known as a spinfilter, permits the mammalian cell bioreactor operation at high perfusion rates leading to very high cell densities (107 mL-1). Filter screens with openings (25 μm) slightly larger than the average cell size have been used to retain single cells in suspension over a long period of operation without clogging. We have previously shown why it is necessary to optimize the rotational speed of the spinfilter in order to achieve efficient cell retention and avoid potential screen clogging. Effects of bulk mixing and perfusion rate on screen fouling and cell retention were also investigated. Based on this analysis, in this article, we suggest strategies for scaleup of spinfilters. Experimental data from 12- and 175-L (working volume) bioreactors is shown in support of the scaleup analysis. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 52 (1996), S. 443-448 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: on-line ; oxygen uptake rate ; OUR ; cell culture ; hybridoma ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measurement of oxygen uptake rate is useful in assessing growth, viability, and metabolic activity. In cell culture, however, the oxygen demand is extremely small (typically 0.1-0.3 mM O2L-h) and is very difficult to measure accurately using conventional offgas analysis. In many industrial submerged cell culture systems, dissolved oxygen levels are controlled between preset limits by intermittent sparging of air or oxygen. This article describes a computational method for the automatic online determination of oxygen uptake from the dynamic dissolved oxygen probe response. Experimental measurements show that for a typical hybridoma culture, specific oxygen demand is 0.15 mM O2/109 cells/h. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 584-591 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article presents a calculation procedure useful for the optimization and scale up of batch sterilization cycles in large-scale fermentors. This technique determines the sterilization temperature and hold-time necessary to minimize nutrient damage in a specific fermentor. The method can also be used for “scaledown” experiments to eliminate sterilization conditions as a scale up parameter. A method for the systematic evaluation of different sterilization conditions on product yield is also presented. This procedure is useful in determining if scale up of sterilization conditions is important for a given process. The validity of the techniques presented are supported by data showing significant yield improvements in a 1.2 × 105 L antibiotic fermentation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 46 (1995), S. 590-594 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Aktive, passive und transpassive Auflösung einer Nickelbasissuperlegierung in konzentrierten SäurelösungenMittels potentiostatischen Messungen wurde das elektrochemische und das Korrosionsverhalten einer Nickelbasissuperlegierung (C-263) in entgasten binären und ternären Mischungen aus konzentrierter Phosphorsäure, Essigsäure, Schwefelsäure, Salpetersäure oder Wasser bei 35°C untersucht. Die Möglichkeiten des Elektropolierens der Legierung in diesen Lösungsmischungen wurde ebenfalls geprüft. Die Legierung zeigte ein ausgeprägtes aktives, passives und transpassives Verhalten in den experimentellen Lösungen. Die Legierung blieb aktiv und wurde im negativen Potentialbereich passiv. Im Bereich der transpassiven Auflösung wurde Elektropolieren erreicht. Das beste Ergebnis für ein Elektropolieren erhält man in 50% H3PO4 + 40% CH3COOH + 10% H2SO4. Höhere Wassergehalte in der Elektrolytlösung sind für das Elektropolieren der Legierung nicht nützlich. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse lassen auch darauf schließen, daß ein Stromplateau im transpassiven Potentialbereich keine ausreichende Bedingung für das Elektropolieren darstellt.
    Notes: The electrochemical and corrosion behaviour of a nickel base super alloy (C-263) has been investigated in the deaerated binary and ternary solution mixture of concentrated phosphoric acid, acetic acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid or water using potentiostatic technique at 35°C. The possibilities of electropolishing of this alloy in these solution mixtures have been also explored. The alloy showed distinct active, passive and transpassive behaviour in the experimental solutions. The alloy remained active and turned passive in the negative potential region. Transpassive dissolution of the alloy is observed and electropolishing is achieved in this region. The best electropolishing is obtained in 50% H3PO4 + 40% CH3COOH + 10% H2SO4. Higher content of water in the electrolytic solution is not useful for electropolishing of the alloy The experimental results also suggest that a current plateau in the transpassive potential region is not a sufficient condition to achieve electropolishing.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 31 (1986), S. 295-299 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 331 (1989), S. 690-696 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 447 (1978), S. 253-256 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Methylbutenoxy-Derivate verschiedener ElementeGe[OC(CH3)2CH=CH2]4 wurde aus GeCl4, Methylbutenol und Triäthylamin dargestellt. Methylbutenoxy-Derivate verschiedener anderer Elemente (B, Al, Ti, RxSn, Nb und Ta) wurden durch Austauschreaktion von entsprechenden Metall-Isopropoxyden mit Methylbutenol dargestellt. Die Verbindungen wurden durch Destillation gereinigt und durch Elementaranalyse, Molekulargewichts- und Refraktionsindexbestimmungen sowie IR- und PMR-Spektren charakterisiert.
    Notes: Germanium tetramethyl butenoxide Ge[OC(CH3)2CH=CH2]4, has been synthesized from germanium tetrachloride, methyl butenol and triethylamine. Other methyl butenoxy derivatives of various elements, boron aluminium, titanium, alkyltin, niobium and tantalum have been prepared by the alcohol interchange of corresponding metal isopropoxides with methyl butenol. These derivatives were purified by distillation under reduced pressure and characterized by elemental analysis, molecular weight, refractive index, IR and PMR spectral studies.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    X-Ray Spectrometry 22 (1993), S. 86-88 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: XANES of the nickel systems NiO, LaNiO3, Ni(NO3)2 · 6H2O, NiSO4 · 6H20, NICO3 and Ni3(PO4)2 · xH2O were studied using a previously published equation and the nearest neighbour distances were determined and compared with the crystallographic values. The nearest neighbour distance of the system LaNiO3, whose crystallographic value is not available was also determined.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 41 (1990), S. 48-51 
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Aus dem Polymer CR-39(DOP) wurden Thermoelektrete formiert, und die thermisch stimulierten Entladungsströme wurden gemessen. Die Einflüsse unterschiedlicher Formierungstemperaturen, unterschiedlicher Feldstärken und der Lagerzeit wurden untersucht, um das Elektretverhalten dieses Materials zu beschreiben. Die Polarisation ist dipolaren Ursprungs. Die Aktivierungsenergic und die Relaxationszeit wurden berechnet.
    Notes: Thermoelectrets of CR-39(DOP) were formed and their thermally stimulated discharge current studied. In the present work, effects of different forming temperatures, polarizing fields and storage times have been studies with a view to understand the electret behaviour of this material. The polarization seems to have a dipolar origin. The activation energy and relaxation times have also been calculated.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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