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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 26 (1988), S. 177-180 
    ISSN: 0887-6258
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Stable monomolecular layers of a liquid-crystalline homopolymer bearing azobenzene chromophores in the mesogenic side groups could be prepared at the water-air interface by slow compression at room temperature. From the area per monomer unit of A0≈0.25 nm2 a structural model with tightly packed azobenzene groups oriented nearly parallel to the surface normal was deduced. After transfer to a solid support in a Y-type mode the obtained Langmuir-Blodgett-Kuhn (LBK) multilayer assemblies of varying thicknesses (from a double layer to a thick film of d = 238 nm, capable of guiding optical modes) were prepared and analyzed by X-ray reflection and optical evanescent wave techniques. A monolayer thickness of d0 = 2.52 nm, as well as the anisotropic index of refraction of these layers, could thus be evaluated.Photo-isomerization by UV-irradiation (at λ = (360±30)nm) was examined by UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy. X-ray reflectivity data of samples illuminated for 30 min showed a complete loss of the layered structure of the LBK samples. As a result strongly light-scattering films were obtained. Surface plasmon microscopy was used to demonstrate the usefulness of this photo-induced order-disorder transition for optical information storage.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 620-625 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: helical structures ; lipids ; liposomes ; self-assembly ; tubules ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The development of functional supramolecular devices built by self-assembly of elementary molecules and with bioactive properties arouses considerable interest in the field of nanotechnology and new materials. We report here the formation of a new class of lipid tubules exhibiting both properties of molecular recognition and crystal formation for the protein streptavidin. These lipid tubules, made of biotin-containing dioctadecylamine molecules, are straight hollow cylinders with a constant diameter of 27 nm and variable length up to several micrometers. They are unilamellar with an inner diameter of about 16 nm, as shown by cryoelectron microscopy. Streptavidin binds to the biotinylated tubules and assembles spontaneously into ordered helical arrays at the tube surface. These crystals exhibit regular order up to about 1.5 nm resolution. In addition, the helical streptavidin arrays act as functionalized supramolecular devices that bind a wide variety of biotinylated objects, as demonstrated here with proteins and liposomes.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 34-38 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: hydrogen bonds ; molecular recognition ; polyelectrolyte multilayers ; surface chemistry ; thin films ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Functional polyanions were prepared by copolymerization of sulfopropyl acrylate and sulfopropyl methacrylate with monomers bearing triaminopyrimidine or barbituric acid functionalities, respectively. Functionalized polyelectrolyte multilayers were assembled from these copolymers by stepwise alternating adsorption with poly(choline methacrylate). These multilayers are suited for molecular recognition of substrates that are complementary to the functional groups incorporated. Thus, multilayers containing triaminopyrimidine moieties selectively bind barbituric acid, and vice versa, when exposed to solutions of the 1:1 complex of barbituric acid and triaminopyrimidine. The molecular recognition process was monitored by UV/Vis spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS), and photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Remarkably, after successful recognition and binding of the complementary substrates to the multilayers, the stepwise layering could be continued.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 36 (1997), S. 181-189 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: plasma deposition ; film chemistry control ; triethylene glycol monoallyl ether ; PEO (polyethylene oxide) ; protein adsorption ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The direct plasma-induced deposition of tri(ethylene glycol) monoallyl ether is reported. RF plasma polymerization of this monomer was carried out under both continuous wave (CW) and pulsed plasma operation. The major focus of this work was optimization of the degree of retention of the C-O-C bonds of the starting monomer during the deposition process. This successfully was accomplished using low RF power during the CW runs and low RF duty cycles during the pulsed plasma experiments. Spectroscopic analysis of the plasma films revealed a strong dependence of film composition on the RF power and duty cycles employed. In particular, an unusually high level of film chemistry compositional control was demonstrated for the pulsed plasma studies, with film composition varying in a steady, progressive fashion with sequential changes in the ratios of plasma on to plasma off times. This film chemistry controllability is demonstrated despite the relatively low volatility of the starting monomer. The utility of this plasma deposition approach in introducing polyethylene oxide (PEO) structures on solid substrates was evaluated via protein adsorption studies. Radiolabeled bovine albumin adsorption was studied on plasma-modified poly(ethylene teraphthalate) (PET) substrates. Dramatic reductions in both initial adsorption and retention of this protein were observed on PET samples having maximal PEO content relative to its adsorption on untreated PET surfaces. Good stability and adhesion of the plasma films to the underlying PET substrates were observed, as evidenced from prolonged immersion of plasma-treated surfaces in aqueous solution. Overall, the results obtained from the present work provide additional support for the utility of one-step plasma process to reduce biological fouling of surfaces via deposition of PEO surface units. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 36, 181-189, 1997.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 811-822 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde die Bildung und das Verhalten von freien Radikalen in statistischen Copolymerisaten aus Äthoxyvinylthiomethan (1a) und N-Vinylpyrrolidon (2) (1:2,5) sowie aus Äthylthiovinylthiomethan (1b) und 2 (1:3,5) mit Hilfe der ESR-Spektroskopie untersucht. Nach einer γ-Bestrahlung bei 77 K konnten in den Copolymerisaten Cα-Radikale in den Vinylpyrrolidon-Einheiten nachgewiesen werden. Untersuchungen über das Temperaturverhalten dieser freien Radikale zeigten, daß nur im Copolymerisat (3b) mit der Dithioacetal-Gruppe ein Transfer von Wasserstoffatomen (Kettenübertragung) zu den Cα-Radikalen in den Vinylpyrrolidon-Einheiten stattfindet. Dieser Vorgang kann als „Repair“ - Mechanismus aufgefaßt werden.
    Notes: The formation and behaviour of radiation-induced free radicals in statistical copolymers of ethoxyvinylthiomethane (1a) with N-vinylpyrrolidone (2) (1:2,5) and of ethylthiovinylthiomethane (1b) with 2 (1:3,5) has been studied using electron spin resonance spectroscopy. After a γ-irradiation of the copolymers at 77K Cα-radicals in the vinylpyrrolidone moieties could be detected. Investigations on the behaviour of these radicals with an annealing procedure revealed that only in the copolymer (3b) with the dithioacetal group a transfer reaction of hydrogen atoms to the Cα-radicals in the vinylpyrrolidone moieties occurs. This process may be regarded as a repair mechanism.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The thermal degradation of polybenzyls in the mass spectrometer yields oligomeric benzyls with saturated (phenyl-, alkyl-) and unsaturated (quinonemethide) endgroups. To differentiate the thermal and the electron impact induced degradation reactions the fragmentation reactions of oligomeric benzyls of type 1a, b were investigated as models by electron impact. Using low electron energies, alkyl-, α-benzyl-, β-benzyl-cleavage and ortho-rearrangement - specific of 1,2-disubstituted benzyls - were found as the main fragmentations. Isomeric oligobenzyls could be differentiated by the ortho-rearrangement. The fragmentation pathways were confirmed by exact mass measurements and by detection of many metastable transitions using the “defocusing-method”. The influence of different substitution at the aromatic rings and the CH2-groups on the fragmentation behaviour of the oligomeric benzyls is dicussed.
    Notes: Beim thermischen Abbau von Polybenzylen im Massenspektrometer werden oligomere Benzylbruchstücke mit gesättigten (Phenyl-, Alkyl-) und ungesättigten (Chinonmethid)-Endgruppen gebildet. Zur Differenzierung der thermischen und elektronenstoßinduzierten Abbaureaktionen wurden die Fragmentierungsreaktionen oligomere Benzyle vom Typ 1a, b im Massenspektrometer untersucht. Bei Anwendung niedriger Elektronenstoßenergien wurden als Hauptfragmentierungsreaktionen Alkyl-, α-Benzyl- und β-Benzylspaltung sowie die für 1,2-disubstituierte Benzyle strukturspezifische ortho-Umalgerung gefunden, die eine Differenzierung stellungsisomerer Oligobenzyle ermöglicht. Die genannten Reaktionen wurden durch Hochauflösungsmessungen und Registrierung zahlreicher metastabiler Zerfälle mit der “Defocusing”-Technik nachgewiesen. Der Einfluß unterschiedlicher Substitution der Phenylringe und Methylengruppen auf das Fragmentierungsverhalten der oligomeren Benzyle wird diskutiert.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The degradation reactions of unsubstituted poly(1,4-phenylenemethylene)s (A) (polybenzyls), poly[(2,5-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene)methylene] [poly(2,5-dimethylbenzyl)] (B), poly[(2,3,5,6-tetramethyl- 1,4-phenylene)methylene] [poly(2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzyl)] (C), and poly( 1,4-phenylenethylene) [poly(a-methylbenzyl)] (D) were investigated by direct pyrolysis in the mass spectrometer. Mass pyrograms of polybenzyls made under different reaction conditions were compared in order to obtain direct informations on structural differences, such as branching and different linkages of the benzyl units; degradation products indicating a branched polymer could be found in one example.The thermal degradation of the unsubstituted polybenzyls and the poly(2,5-dimethylbenzyl) occurs mainly by disproportionation and transfer of hydrogen from the CH2-groups, yielding monomeric and oligomeric degradation products with saturated (phenyl-, alkyl-) and unsaturated (quinonemethid-) endgroups; whereas on the degradation of poly(α-methyl-benzyl) pyrolytic products with vinyl endgroups were also found.The degradation behaviour of poly(2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzyl) was found, however, to be greatly different, caused by the steric hindrance of the substituents at the phenyl groups. Besides a lower thermostability we found the mass spectral pattern indicating a different mechanism of thermal degradation.“a-benzyl-”, “β-benzyl”-, and “alkyl-cleavage”, as well as ortho-rearrangement were found as the main fragmentations of the ionized pyrolytic products.
    Notes: Die Abbaureaktionen von unsubstituierten Poly(1,4-phenylenmethylen)en (A) (Polybenzylen), Poly[(2,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylen)methylen] [Poly(2,5-dimethylbenzyl)] (B), Poly[(2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-phenylen)methylen] [Poly(2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzyl)] (C) und Poly(1,4-phenylenäthyliden) [Poly(α-methylbenzyl)] (D) wurden durch direkte Pyrolyse im Massenspektrometer untersucht. Die Massenpyrogramme von unter verschiedenen Reaktionsbedingungen dargestellten Polybenzylen wurden verglichen, mit dem Ziel, direkt Informationen über Strukturunterschiede wie Kettenverzweigung und unterschiedliche Verknüpfung der Benzyleinheiten zu erhalten; hierbei konnten in einem Falle auf höhere Kettenverzweigung deutende Bruchstücke nachgewiesen werden.Der thermische Abbau der unsubstituierten Polybenzyle und des Poly(2,5-dimethylben-zy1)s verläuft uberwiegend unter Disproportionierung und Übertragung von Wasserstoff der Methylengruppen. Es werden bei diesen Polymeren monomere und oligomere Pyroly-sebruchstücke mit gesättigten (Phenyl-, Alkyl-) und ungesättigten (Chinonmethid-) Endgruppen gefunden, während beim Poly(α-methylbenzyl) auch Bruchstiicke mit Vinyl-End-gruppen auftreten.Das Abbauverhalten des Poly(2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzyl)s unterscheidet sich aufgrund der sterischen Spannung durch die Kernsubstituenten erheblich von den anderen Polybenzylen; neben geringerer thermischer Stabilität werden Hinweise auf einen unterschiedlichen Abbaumechanismus gefunden.Die elektronenstoßinduzierte Fragmentierung der ionisierten Pyrolysebruchstucke verläuft überwiegend unter “α-Benzyl-”, “β-Benzyl”-, “Alkylspaltung” und ortho- Umlagerung.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 177 (1976), S. 89-99 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Für die Bildung des 1,2-Polymerisats 2 bei der “spontanen” Polymerisation von 4-Vinylpyridiniumsalzen 4-VP·HX (X = NO3, ClO4, HSO4, I) in wäßriger Lösung wird auf Grund der Inhibitorwirkung von Sauerstoff und anderen Radikalfangern ein radikalischer Mechanismus vorgeschlagen.Die quantitative Untersuchung des O2-Einflusses auf die 1,2-Polymerisation führte zu einer formalen Kinetik für die Initiierungs- und Wachstumsreaktion auf der Basis einer radikalischen Polymerisation. Die Abhängigkeit des mittleren Molekulargewichts von 2 von der Monomerkonzentration ist in Übereinstimmung mit diesem Modell. Die Abhängigkeit der Inhibitionszeit von der Sauerstoffkonzentration und eine Beschleunigung der Polymerisation nach längerer O2-Behandlung der Monomer-Lösung deuten auf eine Bildung polymerer Peroxide hin.
    Notes: A radical mechanism is proposed for the formation of the 1,2-polymer 2 in the “spontaneous” polymerization of 4-vinylpyridinium salts 4-VP.HX (X=NO3, ClO4, HSO4, I) in aqueous solution on the basis of strong inhibition by oxygen and other radical inhibitors.Quantitative investigation of the influence of oxygen on the formation of the 1,2-polymer allowed the derivation of a formal kinetic scheme for the initiation and polymerization steps which is consistent with a free radical mechanism. Dependence of the average molecular weight of 2 on monomer concentration is in agreement with this model. Dependence of the inhibition time on the oxygen concentration as well as an acceleration of the final polymerization rate by prolonged treatment of the monomer solution with oxygen suggests the transitory involvement of polymeric peroxides.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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