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  • 1
    ISSN: 0173-2803
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 11 (1973), S. 737-749 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The rate of photochemical dimerization of N-vinylcarbazole (NVC) in methanol solution which takes place only in the presence of oxygen is greatly increased by addition of carbon tetrabromide (CTB). Similar high rates are obtained with sensitizers like benzil and biacetyl. The mechanism of formation of the cyclic dimer, trans-1,2-dicarbazole-9-yl-cyclobutane (I), and of the open-chain dimeric dimethoxy derivative, 1,4-dicarbazole-9-yl-1′,4′-dimethoxy-n-butane (II), is discussed in some detail.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 11 (1973), S. 1327-1338 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Small-angle x-ray investigations on poly-o-bromostyrene in benzene solution at extremely high resolution (corresponding to a Bragg's value of 3200 Å) proved to be able to link together the ranges covered by small-angle x-ray scattering and light scattering. On the other hand, there are problems encountered in molecular weight determination of chain molecules, since both methods at extremely small angles and at finite concentrations reach the limits of particle scattering. The differing results obtained by means of the two methods for the molecular weight of a rather high molecular weight sample of poly-o-bromostyrene are ascribed to entangelements stabilized by dipole-dipole interactions. These, due to the differing Bragg's angles and concentration ranges in the two methods, affect the experimental results to a different degree.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 20 (1982), S. 2943-2967 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: α-Methylstyrene (α-Me-St) in bulk undergoes a variety of thermally induced processes which we investigated in detail by product-distribution analysis. The oligomeric products, shown by GC-MS coupling techniques and independent syntheses, consisted of nine dimers and nine trimers with no detectable higher oligomers or polymers. Two isomeric cyclobutanes and one of the open-chain unsaturated dimers were formed by a conventional two-step cycloaddition; a Flory-type diradical was the common intermediate. In contrast to these 2π + 2π products, the majority of the remaining oligomers could not be interpreted on the basis of π-electron interaction between closed shell molecules. Their structures, however, were compatible with a free radical process in which cumyl(MH·) and 1,4-dimethyl-1-phenyl-tetrahydronaphthalene-yl(THN·), which are consecutive products of 4π + 2π and 2π + 2π interactions, respectively, were involved in addition and transfer reactions. Because of the small rate of initiation and the obvious lack of free radical recombination products, a mechanism was suggested in which MH· and THN· radicals react predominantly in a closed sequence of elementary processes and to a rather small extent only by bimolecular free radical termination. Two sorts of stabilization steps, hydrogen transfer to monomer (RnH· + M → Rn + MH·) and hydrogen abstraction from a hypothetical 4π + 2π intermediate I (RnH· + I → RnH2 + THN·), are attributed to the high rates of unsaturated and saturated oligomer formation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 42 (1960), S. 171-176 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 29 (1959), S. 139-140 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 81 (1965), S. 32-37 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Limiting viscosity numbers and light scattering molecular weights of column fractionated polystyrene have been determined and a relation between these quantities has been established. This relation shows a rather good agreement with an equation calculated from the viscosity number - molecular weight relationship determined on polystyrenes with “most proable” distribution. The polydispersity of these fractions was calculated, the M̄w/M̄n-ratio probably does not exceed 0.02, so that the weight averages can be equalled to the number averages within experimental error.
    Notes: An säulenfraktionierten Polystyrolen wurden Grenzviskositätszahlen und Lichtstreuungsmolekulargewichte gemessen und eine Beziehung zwischen diesen beiden Größen aufgestellt, die in befriedigender Übereinstimmung mit der aus der Viskositätszahl-Molekulargewichtsbeziehung für Polystyrole mit wahrscheinlichster Verteilung errechneten Gleichung steht. Außerdem wurde die Uneinheitlichkeit solcher Fraktionen berechnet und festgestellt, daß diese wahrscheinlich den Wert von 0,02 nicht übersteigt, so daß die erhaltenen Gewichtsmittelwerte des Molekulargewichts innerhalb der Versuchsfehler den Zahlenmittelwerten gleichgesetzt werden können.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: An examination of the viscosity numbers and the light scattering molecular weights of o-chlorostyrene polymers prepared by catalyzed and uncatalyzed reaction at 30°C has shown that these quantities by no means decrease monotonously with increasing rate of polymerization, but show a maximum at approximately four times the rate of the uncatalyzed thermal reaction. This indicates that the degree of polymerization in the uncatalyzed thermal reaction cannot be due to chain transfer to monomer. Using the degree of polymerization from experiments performed with high catalyst concentrations a value of approximately 2.5.10-5 is calculated for the monomer chain transfer constant. This is smaller by an order of magnitude than the reciprocal of the degree of polymerization in thermal polymerization. The formation of extremely high molecular weight polymers (higher than in uncatalyzed polymerization) in emulsion systems and with similar monomers (styrene) in the initial phase of the thermal polymerization can be explained on this base. The reason for the formation of the comparatively low molecular weight polymers during the uncatalyzed polymerization is discussed briefly.
    Notes: Eine Untersuchung der STAUDINGER-Indices und der Lichtstreuungsmolekulargewichte an rein thermisch und mittels Starter hergestellten Poly-o-chlorstyrolen ergab, daß diese Größen keineswegs monoton mit steigender Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit abfallen, sondern etwa beim vierfachen der rein thermischen Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit ein Maximum zeigen. Dies zeigt, daß für die Festlegung des Polymerisationsgrades bei der starterfreien Polymerisation nicht die Monomerübertragung verantwortlich sein kann. Aus den bei hoher Starterkonzentration erhaltenen mittleren Polymerisationsgraden wird der Wert der Monomerübertragungskonstante zu ∼2,5.10-5 bestimmt; er ist um eine Größenordnung kleiner als der Reziprokwert des Polymerisationsgrades eines rein thermisch hergestellten Polymeren. Damit ist auch eine Erklärung der Bildung extrem langkettiger Polymerisate (P̄ 〉 P̄thermisch) in Emulsion sowie bei ähnlichen Monomeren (Styrol) in der Anfangsphase der thermischen Polymerisation möglich. Die Ursache für das Auftreten der relativ niedrigen Polymerisationsgrade bei der thermischen Polymerisation wird einer kurzen Diskussion unterzogen.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Polymerization exclusively occurs at the anode under suitable conditions when sodium acetate is electrolyzed between platinum electrodes in a mixture of dimethylformamide (DMF)/acetic acid(AcOH)/methylmethacrylate(MMA), which is also a solvent for poly-MMA. The initiation is due to the products of the anodic discharge of the acetate ions. The rate of polymerization is proportional to the forth root of current; however, there is no further increase in rate when the current density is raised beyond 2.5 mA/cm2 which coincides with the begin of electrolytic oxidation of DMF. In the temperature range examined (10-45°C) the overall energy of activation (8.6 kcal/mole) is nearly double the value characteristic for photoinitiated polymerization of MMA. The degrees of polymerization obtained a t the experimental rates as well as the dependence of the amount of polymer formed in the system (P) on the volume of the solution \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\rm (V), P \alpha }\sqrt {\rm V} ,$\end{document} indicate that polymerization occurs homogeneously in the entire system.These results can be explained with the aid of a model in which the layer directly attached to the anode is considered as a separate “zone” of reaction (“Zweizonenmodell”). In this electrode zone during electrolysis a stationary concentration CER of “electrode zone radicals” is established a small fraction of which is able to escape into the interior of the solution (the real locus of polymerization) by desorption, diffusion, and/or reaction with monomer. Only these primary radicals which have escaped the electrode zone and which afterwards are distributed homogeneously over the total available volume of the solution are responsible for the formation of high molecular weight products.
    Notes: Bei der Elektrolyse von Natriumacetat in Dimethylformamid(DMF)/Essigsäure (AcOH)/Methylmethacrylat(MMA)-Gemischen, die auch ein Lösungsmittel für Poly-MMA darstellen, kommt es unter geeigneten Bedingungen zwischen Platinelektroden lediglich an der Anode zur Polymerisation. Der Kettenstart wird dabei durch Folgeprodukte der anodischen Entladung der Acetationen ausgelöst. Die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit ist der vierten Wurzel der Stromstärke proportional; ab einer Stromdichte von etwa 2,5 mA/cm2 erfolgt allerdings keine weitere Zunahme der Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit mehr. Dieser Punkt fällt ungefähr mit dem Beginn der anodischen Oxydation von DMF zusammen. Im untersuchten Temperaturbereich (10-45°C) ist die Bruttoaktivierungsenergie des Polymerisationsvorgangs (8,6 kcal/Mol) fast doppelt so groß wie bei photochemischer Anregung. Die bei den erhaltenen Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeiten auftretenden Polymerisationsgrade sprechen ebenso wie die Abhängigkeit der im System gebildeten Polymermenge P vom Volumen der Lösung \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\rm V}\left( {{\rm P} \sim \sqrt {\rm V} } \right)$\end{document} für einen homogenen Verlauf der Polymerisation im gesamten Reaktionsraum.Diese Befunde lassen sich mit Hilfe einer Modellvorstellung deuten, bei der eine unmittelbar an die Elektrode angrenzende Schicht als eigene „Reaktionszone“ aufgefaßt wird (Zweizonenmodell). In dieser Elektrodenzone stellt sich bei der Elektrolyse eine stationäre Konzentration cER an „Elektrodenzonen-Radikalen“ ein; nur ein geringer Bruchteil dieser Radikale gelangt durch Desorption, Diffusion oder Reaktion mit dem Monomeren in das Lösungsinnere, das den eigentlichen Reaktionsraum darstellt. Nur dieser Bruchteil der primär an der Elektrode gebildeten Radikale, der sich dann innerhalb der Lebensdauer der Radikalketten homogen im gesamten zur Verfügung stehenden Elektrolysenvolumen verteilt, ist für die Bildung hochmolekularer Produkte verantwortlich.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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