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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 350-352 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 30 (1958), S. 131-147 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: When an amorphous polymer is quenched from a temperature, T0 〉 Tg, to a temperature, T1, below the glass transition temperature, Tg, an isothermal volume contraction is observed. This phenomenon is described from numerous observations with polystyrene, polyvinylacetate, and polypiperidide and polymorpholide acrylate samples. The volume isotherms can be represented as a function of time by an empirical expression, v = f(log t'), which contains three parameters. The variation of these parameters with temperature is discussed. In the transition region the isotherms can be superposed by shifting them on the abscissa, log t'. The variation of the shift factor, aT, with temperature is essentially the same as that which can be deduced from viscoelastic studies on amorphous polymers. This suggests that similar molecular processes are involved in stress relaxation and isothermal volume contraction of glasses. The limiting value of log aT/(T - Tg), as T approaches Tg, can be related to the constants that control the volume variations with temperature and time. The discussion of these results leads to a precise kinetic definition of Tg which is compatible with that obtained in the usual manner if proper experimental procedures are used.
    Notes: Lorsqu'on trempe un polymère ainorphe à partir d'une température T0 〉 Tg à une température T1 〈 Tg, Tg, btant la température de transition vitreuse, on observe une contraction isotherme du volume à T1 qui se poursuit généralement pendant une longue periode. On decrit ce phenombne à partir des observations faites sur des échantillons de polystyrolène, d'acétate de polyvinyle, de polypiperidide et de polymorpholide acrylique. L'expression empirique des isothermes de contraction du volume, v = ƒ(log t′), contient trois paramhtres dont on discute les variations en fonction de la température. Dans la region de la transition vitreuse, les isothermes de contraction peuvent se superposer it l'aide d'une translation le long de l'axe de log t′. La variation du paramètre de super- position a, en fonction de la température est sensiblement la méme que celle deduite par d'autres auteurs, de la variation des paramhtres Blastovisqueux des polymeres amorphes. Ceci sugghre que les processus moléculaires responsables de la relaxation de la contrainte mécanique et ceux qui provoquent la contraction isotherme du volume, sont identiques. La valeur limite de log aT(T - Tg), lorsque T tend vers Tg, s'exprime à partir des paramhtres qui regissent la variation du volume en fonction de la température et du temps. La discussion de ces resultats conduit, enfin, à une définition cinétique précise de la température Tg qui est compatible avec sa définition usuelle à condition d'adopter un procédé expérimental adéquat.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 34 (1959), S. 551-568 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Specific volumes of three polyethylene samples (High Pressure), Ziegler and Marlex were determined dilatometrically between -35 and 175°C. after various heat treatments. The parameters that govern the degree of crystallinity X are derived and discussed. An attempt is made to relate the variation of crystallinity with temperature to the molecular structure of the sample. If it is assumed that a particular temperature T corresponds to the melting point of a linear paraffin of N carbon atoms, it is possible to relate N to X and to determine the distribution and the mean value of the length of the segments in the crystalline fraction. From these one can deduce the period of the occurence of the crystalline and amorphous segments assuming that the polyethylene chain is made up of a succession of such segments. Experiments show that the mean value of this period is independent of the heat treatment. If it is assumed further than each period contains at least one methyl group, it is possible to evaluate the ratio CH3/CH2 for each of the three polyethylenes. The values so obtained show satisfactory agreement with those obtained by I.R. spectroscopy.
    Notes: On a mesuré par dilatométrie le volume spécifique de trois poltéthylènes (Haute Pression, Ziegler, Marlex) entre -35 et 175°C après avoir fait subir aux échantillons différents traitements thermiques. Après discussion des paramètres qui déterminent le taux de cristallinité du poltéthylène, on a tenté de relier les variations de × en fonction de la température T, à la structure moléculaire. En admettant que chaque valeur de T correspond à la température de fusion d'une paraffine linéaire comprenant N atomes de carbone, on peut exprimer X en fonction de N et déterminer ainsi la fonction de distribution et la moyenne des longuers des chaǐnons de la fraction cristalline. En supposant que la chaǐne du polyéthylène est formée par la succession alternée des chaǐnons cristallins et des régions amorphes, on peut déterminer la période moyenne de cette alternance qui se révèle indépendante du traitement thermique particulier de l'échantil lon. En associant au moins un groupe méthyle à cette période, on peut déterminer le rapport des groupes CH3/CH2 présents dans chacun des trois poltéthylènes. La comparaison de ces résultats à ceux de la spectrographie I.R. montre un accord d'autant plus satisfaisant que le polymère est moins ramifié.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 277-285 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of electron correlation on the results of pseudopotential calculations was examined using a simple analytical semiempirical pseudopotential and a correlated floating-type one-center wave function. Investigations were performed for the XH alkali metal hydride molecules (X = Na, K, Rb, Cs). The inclusion of the electron correlation in the ground state proved important for the calculation of the dissociation and ionization energies, but it is less significant for the determination of the equilibrium nuclear distances. The ground state potential energy curves are also determined.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2665-2677 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The formation of a polymer/polymer composite by solid-state polymerization of trioxane (TOX) crystals grown within binary trioxane/polycaprolactone or trioxane/poly(oxythylene) mixtures is reported. At present, such composites have been formed with trioxane-rich (hypoeutectic) mixtures. It is observed that in this composition range, much higher yields are obtained through thermal orientation of the TOX crystals which result in very highly ordered systems as revealed by optical and electron microscopy. These POM-rich composites were not, however, amenable to mechanical testing.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2485-2500 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The solid-state polymerization by γ-radiation and postpolymerization of bulk samples of trioxane has been investigated. Different thermal treatment results in radically different initial morphologies of the melt-crystallized trioxane which in turn have a profound influence on the yield and morphology of the resulting poly(oxymethylene) (POM). The polymerization yield increases in the following series: melt-crystallized trioxane with an “opaque” (small grains) morphology, as-grown needles, trioxane with a “quasi-transparent” morphology, and finally thermally oriented crystals. Furthermore, little additional POM is formed during repeated polymerization cycles. The observation of an extensive nodulation of the polymer fibrils when the yield is high is consistent with a multiple-stage growth model for the solid-state polymerization of trioxane.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 2 (1979), S. 81-86 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The characteristic fetures of isobaric volume and enthalpy recovery of glasses are briefly recalled and analysed in terms of a multiparameter model involving a distribution of retardation times, τi. The latter are assumed to depend both on temperature and on the instantaneous state (structure) of the glass, whereas the shape of the retardation spectrum is invariant and merely shifts, as τi, along the logarithmic time scale. Qualitative comparison of the theoretical predictions with various types of experiment reveals an excellent agreement. Some effects of structural recovery on the mechanical, or electrical properties of polymer glasses are also recalled and discussed in terms of the theoretical model The text which follows is merely an extended abstract of the work published elsewhere (see Refs 5 & 10)..
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 22 (1984), S. 710-716 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Nitro-substituted 1,3-dioxanes and pyrans with potential biological activity were synthesized. The relative configurations of the threo and erythro isomers of 2-nitro-1-phenylpropane-1,3-diol (the starting materials) and of 5-nitro-2,4-diphenyl-1,3-dioxane, the products formed with benzaldehyde, were determined by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Cinnamaldehyde and nitroethanol give a homologue of nitrophenylpropanediol, which exists as a mixture of two diastereomeric cyclic hemiacetals. After dissolving in CDCl3, the ratio of these components changes from approximately 10:1 to 3:2 in a few days. The ethyl acetal of the hemiacetal is stereohomogeneous, and the ethoxy group is axial to the pyran ring owing to the anomeric effect. This configuration was proved by two-dimensional NMR measurement, permitting separate observation of the originally overlapping multiplets and direct reading of the H,H coupling constants.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Isobaric variations of the characteristic temperatures Tg and Tmax, obtained on uniform cooling and heating of glasses, are investigated in terms of their dependence on the relevant experimental variables, using a single retardation time model. The corresponding partial derivatives of Tg and Tmax are derived as functions of the partition parameter x (ranging between zero and unity), which determines the relative contributions of temperature and structure to the retardation time. It is shown that the variation of Tg with the cooling rate is independent of x. In contrast, Tmax critically depends on x, and its value as well as those of its three partial derivatives are linear functions of x-1. The variations of Tmax are analyzed in terms of a set of reduced variables, leading to simple reduction rules between any two of the experimental variables when the third is kept invariant. The reduction rules are further substantiated by investigating the behavior of glasses in two-step thermal cycles, which result in a unique set of inter-relationships between any pair of the partial derivatives of Tmax, whatever the value of x. The results are discussed in terms of their relevance to the behavior of real glasses.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 17 (1979), S. 1097-1162 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A multiordering parameter model for glass-transition phenomena has been developed on the basis of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. In this treatment the state of the glass is determined by the values of N ordering parameters in addition to T and P; the departure from equilibrium is partitioned among the various ordering parameters, each of which is associated with a unique retardation time. These times are assumed to depend on T, P, and on the instantaneous state of the system characterized by its overall departure from equilibrium, giving rise to the well-known nonlinear effects observed in volume and enthalpy recovery. The contribution of each ordering parameter to the departure and the associated retardation times define the fundamental distribution function (the structural retardation spectrum) of the system or, equivalently, its fundamental material response function. These, together with a few experimentally measurable material constants, completely define the recovery behavior of the system when subjected to any thermal treatment. The behavior of the model is explored for various classes of thermal histories of increasing complexity, in order to simulate real experimental situations. The relevant calculations are based on a discrete retardation spectrum, extending over four time decades, and on reasonable values of the relevant material constants in order to imitate the behavior of polymer glasses. The model clearly separates the contribution of the retardation spectrum from the temperature-structure dependence of the retardation times which controls its shifts along the experimental time scale. This is achieved by using the natural time scale of the system which eliminates all the nonlinear effects, thus reducing the response function to the Boltzmann superposition equation, similar to that encountered in the linear viscoelasticity. As a consequence, the system obeys a rate (time) -temperature reduction rule which provides for generalization within each class of thermal treatment. Thus the model establishes a rational basis for comparing theory with experiment, and also various kinds of experiments between themselves. The analysis further predicts interesting features, some of which have often been overlooked. Among these are the impossibility of extraction of the spectrum (or response function) from experiments involving cooling from high temperatures at finite rate; and the appearance of two peaks in the expansion coefficient, or heat capacity, during the heating stage of three-step thermal cycles starting at high temperatures. Finally, the theory also provides a rationale for interpreting the time dependence of mechanical or other structure-sensitive properties of glasses as well as for predicting their long-range behavior.
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