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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 24 (1973), S. 1042-1049 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Neue NiCrMo-Legierung mit Gefügebeständigkeit bei hoher Temperatur und dadurch verbesserter Korrosionsbeständgkeit und besseren mechanischen EigenschaftenApparate aus NiCrMo-Legierungen der Typen Ni 16 Cr 16 Mo W und Ni 22 Cr 16 Mo werden in der chemischen Industrie viel verwendet, zumal in der letzten Zeit die Korrosionsbeständigkeit im geschweißten Zustand durch Absenken des C- und Si-Gehaltes wesentlich verbessert werden konnte. Ein neuer Typ  -  Hastelloy Developmental Alloy C-415  -  besitzt hohe Beständigkeit gegen Ausscheidung von Carbiden und intermetallischen Phasen. Durch Verringerung des Anteils dieser Phasen werden sowohl die Hochtemperatureigenschaften als auch die Korrosionsbeständigkeit und die mechanischen Eigenschaften wesentlich verbessert. Die neue Legierung kann langzeitig im Sensibilisierungsbereich (550-1090°C) beansprucht werden, ohne daß es zu Korrosion kommt und ist daher auch gut schweißbar. Im Gegensatz zu den bisherigen NiCrMo-Legierungen ergeben sich kaum Probleme bei Einwirkung von Schwefelsäure und Salzsäure.
    Notes: Equipment made of NiCrMo alloys of the Ni 16 Cr 16 Mo W and Ni 22 Cr 16 Mo types is used extensively in the chemical industry, in particular because the corrosion resistance in the as-welded condition could be improved in recent years by controlling C and Si contents to very low levels. A new type of alloy  -  Hastelloy Developmental Alloy C-455  -  has high resistance to carbide and intermetallic phase precipitation at high temperatures. By reducing the amount of these phases it has been possible to considerably improve the high temperature properties, the corrosion resistance and the mechanical properties of the alloy. The new material may be exposed to sensitizing range temperatures (550-1090 °C) for a long time without becoming susceptible to corrosion: it is, therefore, readily weldable. Contrary to NiCrMo alloys known so far there are almost no problems when the material is exposed to hydrochloric and sulfuric acids.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 6 (1894), S. 268-272 
    ISSN: 0863-1778
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 231-239 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: pseudostereoscopy ; particle speed distribution ; velocity distribution ; fast axonal transport ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We describe a simple method for direct visualization of the velocity distribution of particles moving against an immobile background. The technique involves pseudostereoscopic viewing of image pairs separated by an appropriate time interval in a sequential recording of the subject. Under these conditions, the positive or negative parallax arising from particle motion results in the binocular image of a particle being perceived as raised or lowered relative to an immobile background plane depending on its direction of movement, and with the degree of perceived elevation being proportional to its speed. In effect, the binocular optic axis becomes a velocity (speed) axis under these conditions. The technique is illustrated with examples of image pair sequences showing fast axonal transport in lobster and squid axons using video-enhanced differential interference contrast microscopy. However, the pseudostereoscopic method is quite generally applicable to both microscopic and macroscopic time-dependent phenomena. Particle speeds can be quantitated using standard procedures for measuring frame-to-frame particle displacements, or alternatively, by determination of parallax using stereogrammatic methods. It should be also readily adaptable for on-line monitoring of particle velocity distribution, particularly in video systems where frame buffers can be utilized to extract and present serial image pairs having any desired time separation from video-taped sequences.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chiral stereospecificity ; esterase ; metabolism ; human tissue ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Famciclovir is the oral form of the potent antiherpesvirus agent, penciclovir. Hydrolysis of one of the acetyl ester groups of famciclovir creates a chiral centre leading to the possible formation of (R)- and (S)-enantiomers. During its conversion to penciclovir, famciclovir forms two chiral metabolites, namely monoacetyl-6-deoxy-penciclovir and monoacetyl-penciclovir. The absolute configuration and stereospecificity of the monoacetyl metabolites of famciclovir, produced in human intestinal wall extract, were determined using isotopically chiral famciclovir and 13C NMR spectroscopy of the isolated metabolites. 13C NMR showed that the esterase(s), in human intestinal wall extract, hydrolysed the acetyl group preferentially from the pro-(S)-acetoxymethyl group of famciclovir. The specificity of esterase action in forming monoacetyl-6-deoxy-penciclovir and monoacetyl-penciclovir was about 77 and 72%, respectively. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: chiral stereospecificity ; phosphorylation ; MRC-5 cells ; herpesvirus ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Penciclovir is a potent antiherpesvirus agent which is highly selective due to its phosphorylation only in virus infected cells. Phosphorylation of one of the hydroxymethyl groups of penciclovir (PCV) creates a chiral centre leading to the possible formation of (R)- and (S)-enantiomers. The absolute configuration and stereospecificity of the PCV-phosphates produced in cells infected with herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), as well as by HSV-1-encoded thymidine kinase, were determined using isotopically chiral [4′-13C]PCV precursors and 13C NMR spectroscopy of the isolated metabolites. The absolute configuration of penciclovir-triphosphate (PCV-TP) produced in HSV-1-infected cells was shown to be S with an enantiomeric purity of greater than 95%. However, in contrast to HSV-1-infected cells in which none of the (R) enantiomer was detected, about 10% of (R)-PCV-TP was produced in HSV-2-infected cells. Phosphorylation of PCV by HSV-1-encoded thymidine kinase was found to give 75% (S)- and 25% (R)-PCV-monophosphate. The proportion of the (S)-isomer appears to be amplified in the subsequent phosphorylations leading to the triphosphate. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 148 (1987), S. 161-193 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Diese Arbeit beschreibt Versuche, durch Kondensation von Terephthalaldehyd mit Dimethylstickstoffbasen konjugierte Polymere zu synthetisieren, die aus alternierenden Phenylringen und aromatischen heterocyclischen Ringen bestehen. Die Produkte fallen während ihrer Bildung aus der Lösung aus, selbst bei 180°C in N-Methylpyrrolidinon (NMP), daher konnten nur Oligomere mit bis zu ca. 30 Ringen (DP = 15) erhalten werden. Die meisten der hinreichend löslichen Produkte hatten einen DP zwischen 4 und 8. Von diesen ließen sich dünne Filme auf Glas oder Quartz herstellen. Diese Polymeren sind zumeist sehr gute Isolatoren, doch die Behandlung mit I2, NO2 oder SbF5 kann ihren elektrischen Widerstand um 6 Zehnerpotenzen erniedrigen. Die schnelle Umkehrbarkeit der Widerstandsänderung, wenn das verantwortliche Reagenz verdampft ist, sowie das Ausbleiben von klar erkennbaren hderungen im UV-Spektrum zeigen, daR die Widerstandsllnderung sehr wahrscheinlich nicht durch eine Oxidation (doping) verursacht wurde.Zahlreiche Synthesen mit verschiedenen quaternisierten Basen ergaben auch keine durch Elektronenakzeptoren oxidierbaren Oligomeren.Als Bezugsmaterialien, besonders wegen der UV-Spektren, wurden Modellverbindungen vom Distyrylpyridin und Distyrylpyrazin-Typ hergestellt und auch quaternisierte Derivate der ersteren; viele davon sind neue Verbindungen. Diese Modellverbindungen wurden auch zur Eichung einer für NMP Lösungen verwendbaren GPC Säule gebraucht.Für die Synthesetechnik wurden mehrere Verbesserungen entwickelt.
    Notes: We report attempts to create conjugated polymers consisting of alternating phenylene and heterocyclic rings separated by double bonds by means of condensations between terephthalaldehyde and dimethyl nitrogen bases. Because the products precipitated during their formation even at 180°C in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), only oligomers of up to ca. 30 rings (DP = 15) could be obtained; most of the adequately soluble products had DP between 4 and 8, and from these oligomers films on glass or quartz could be made. When the films were exposed to I2, NO2, or SbF5, most of them, initially very good insulators, showed an increase in electrical conductivity of up to 6 powers of 10; but the rapid reversal of this change when the reagent evaporated and the lack of any clear changes in the UV-vis spectrum of the films showed that most likely true “doping” had not occurred.Extensive syntheses with a variety of quaternised bases also failed to yield oligomers oxidisable by electron-acceptors.For reference purposes, especially for their spectra, a large number of pure “model” compounds of the distyrylpyridine and distyrylpyrazine type, and quaternised analogues of the former, were synthesised, many of them new compounds. These were also used as calibrants for a GPC column operating with NMP solutions.Several improvements were made in the synthetic techniques.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 284-287 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The surface composition and energy of carbon fiber has been carefully analyzed and quantified. Untreated, AU, surface-treated, AS, and heat-treated AHT fibers were all studied. AS fiber was surface-treated by an electrolytic oxidation process. AHT fiber was heat-treated at elevated high temperatures under vacuum. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA) was used to investigate the surface elemental concentration of carbon fibers. The corresponding surface free energies of these fibers were calculated from the contact angles measured by a dynamic contact angle analyzer. Results showed a strong correlation between the surface treatment and heat-treatment history and the surface chemistry of carbon fibers. After oxidation treatment, the surface free energy was increased by adding functional group elements (oxygen and nitrogen). However, these added elements could be removed by high temperature treatment under vacuum. The diffusion of O, N, and Na was discussed. The correlation between oxygen and nitrogen concentration and carbon fiber surface free energy has been plotted. These fibers would be used to quantify the relationship between carbon fiber surface free energy and the interfacial shear strength of the fiber-polymer interface.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 16 (1995), S. 454-464 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: We present a computational method for prediction of the conformation of a ligand when bound to a macromolecular receptor. The method is intended for use in systems in which the approximate location of the binding site is known and no large-scale rearrangements of the receptor are expected upon formation of the complex. The ligand is initially placed in the vicinity of the binding site and the atomic motions of the ligand and binding site are explicitly simulated, with solvent represented by an implicit solvation model and using a grid representation for the bulk of the receptor protein. These two approximations make the method computationally efficient and yet maintain accuracy close to that of an all-atom calculation. For the benzamidine/trypsin system, we ran 100 independent simulations, in many of which the ligand settled into the low-energy conformation observed in the crystal structure of the complex. The energy of these conformations was lower than and well-separated from that of others sampled. Extensions of this method are also discussed. © 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 19 (1981), S. 175-194 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Uncrosslinked atactic polystyrene was chemically modified first by acetylation then by a Claisen condensation with ethyl perfluoropropanoate to produce three crosslinked chelating polymers that contained a phenyl, perfluoroethyl, beta-diketone chelating group in 10, 20, and 63 mole % compositions. Cu(II), Ni(II), and uranyl chelates of the macromolecular ligands were prepared and analyzed. The macromolecular ligands and their chelates were compared with the model ligating species 4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoro-1-phenyl-1,3-pentanedione with infrared and mass spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 489-497 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Several reactions involving crosslinked polymers, a solid, and a liquid phase were investigated. Witting reactions between crosslinked polymers (1 and 5) contaning phosphonium salt residues, solid potassium carbonate, and aldehydes in tetrahydrofuran were found to proceed satisfactorily, even in the absence of a phase transfer catalyst. The Oxidation of 2-phenyl-1,2-propanediol in methylene chloride by solid sodium periodate (but not postassium periodate) is catalysed by the periodate form (9a) of an anion exchange resin. The reaction of 1-bromooctane in benzene, tetrahydrofuran, or acetonitrile with potassium cyanide or sodium cyanide and of benzyl bromide in tetrahydrofuran or acetonitrile with potassium acetate or sodium acetate are catalysed only slightly, if at all, by the cyanide or acetate forms (9e and 9f) of an anion exchange resin. Crosslinked polymers containing crown ether residues catalyse the reaction of 1-bromooctane in toluene with sodium iodide. It is not clear how the crosslinked polymers and solid reagents manage to react with each other, but possible mechanisms are discussed. The importance of carrying out control reactions in such studies is stressed.
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