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  • 1
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: isotopic labeling ; phytochrome ; Raman spectroscopy ; tetrapyrroles ; vibrational analysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 5-Deuteriophycocyanobilin (4), 5,15,182,182-tetradeuteriobiliverdin IXα dimethyl ester (6), and 5,15-dideuteriomesobiliverdin IXα dimethyl ester (8) have been prepared and analyzed by resonance Raman spectroscopy in the C-H out-of-plane region, based on a previous normal-mode analysis of biliverdin XI α dimethyl ester (5). In this way most of the modes containing out-of-plane vibrations of the methine bridges could be assigned unambiguously. These results are of special relevance with regard to the interpretation of the resonance Raman spectra of the chromoprotein phytochrome.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Selective NMR decoupling and nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) experiments with phycocyanobilin (PCB) show proton-proton interactions between the terminal rings A and D, viz. the chiral C(2) methine center and the ethyl substituent at C(18), as a result of the helical conformation of this open-chain tetrapyrrole in solution. Quantitative NOE measurements and a combination of force-field and semiempirical calculations (FSC) afford inter-proton distances across the helical gap of 4.2-4.6 (NOE) and 3.2-4.2 A° (FSC). The NOE and FSC, in conjuction with a qualitative evaluation of the steric interactions in the two optimized helices, suggest furthermore that, in solution, the helix M is somewhat more stable than P. The coexistence of at least two diastereoisomers is corroborated also by the circular dichroism (CD) spectra of PCB in MeOH/EtOH which point to a temperature-dependent equilibrium in solution, and by a considerable increase of this CD upon changing the solvent from the achiral alcohols to ethyl (-)-(S)-lactate which reflects a selective solvent-induced CD differentiating between diastereoisomers.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Phytochrom Modelle, I.  -  Isolierung, Charakterisierung und Konformation von Biliverdin-dimethylester und seinem XIIIα-Isomeren in LösungBiliverdin-dimethylester (1b; IXα) und dessen XIIIα-Isomeres 2b wurden in präparativem Maßstab hergestellt, indem das bei der Oxidation von Bilirubin anfallende Isomerengemisch verestert und aufgetrennt wurde. Beide Isomeren bilden miteinander feste Lösungen. In einer 1H-NMR-Untersuchung mittels Spin-Entkopplung und Kern-Overhauser-Effekten wurden die Anordnung der Substituenten und eine überwiegend helicale „all-Z“-Konfiguration, „all-syn“-Konformation für 1b und 2b abgeleitet. Die Elektronenabsorptionsspektren der beiden Isomeren unterscheiden sich signifikant. Der durch (S)-(-)-Milchsäure-ethylester induzierte Circulardichroismus von 1b und 2b im lang- und kurzwelligen Absorptionsbereich ist demjenigen von Biliverdin-Peptid-Komplexen ähnlich.
    Notes: Biliverdin dimethyl ester (1b; IXα) and its XIIIα isomer 2b have been isolated on a preparative scale after esterification of an isomeric mixture obtained by oxidation of bilirubin. Both isomers readily form solid solutions. The substitution patterns and the predominant helical „all-Z“ configuration, „all-syn“ conformation of 1b and 2b are assigned on the basis of an 1H-NMR study including spin decoupling and nuclear Overhauser effect experiments. The electronic absorption spectra of the two isomers differ significantly. The ethyl (S)-(-)-lactate-induced circular dichroism of 1b and 2b in the long and short wavelength regions is similar to that found for biliverdin-peptide complexes.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 2002-2017 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Phytochrom Modelle, II.  -  Die Fluoreszenz von Biliverdin-dimethylesterBiliverdin-dimethylester (2) zeigt in frisch bereiteter Ethanollösung Fluoreszenzmaxima bei 710 und 770 nm, die durch Monoprotonierung nach 725 und 806 nm verschoben werden. 2 und 2H+ besitzen bei Raumtemperatur ähnliche Quantenausbeuten (ΦF = 1.1 · 10-4 bzw. 2.7 · 10-4). Beim Übergang zu tiefen Temperaturen (77 K) steigen diese auf 5.0 · 10-4 (2) und 2.6 · 10-2 (2H+). Der pKa-Wert des Grundzustands von 2 beträgt 4.3 ± 0.1 bei Raumtemperatur und ca. 5.3 bei 77 K, jener des fluoreszierenden Zustands ist um Δ = 1.5 bzw. 4.4 größer. Unterschiede zwischen den Absorptions- und Fluoreszenzanregungsspektren weisen auf anomale Relaxationseigenschaften von *2 und *2H+ und/oder Nichtidentität der emittierenden Typen mit den über-wiegend populierten Grundzustandstypen hin. Einflüsse der Temperatur und des pH-Wertes auf ΦF sind durch strahlungslose Desaktivierung, ausgelöst durch Verdrillung der Methin-Ring-Bindungen, und durch intramolekularen Protonenaustausch in 2 interpretierbar. Dies wird durch Fluoreszenzmessungen an den Pyrromethenen 4, 5 und 8, dem Pyrromethenon 9 und Bilirubin-dimethylester (10) gestützt. Beim Stehenlassen von 2 in Ethanol unter Lichtausschluß bei Raum-temperatur tritt ein Alterungseffekt auf, der sich in der Ausbildung eines neuen Fluoreszenzmaximums bei 500 nm (Anregungsspektren: λmax = 470 nm bei 77K) äußert. Dieselbe Emission wird auch bei der Neutralisation von sauren, frisch zubereiteten Lösungen erhalten; sie verschwindet wieder beim erneuten Ansäuern. Diese Emission wird den 10-Ethoxy-oder 10-Hydroxybilirubin-dimethylestern 12 zugeschrieben, die sich durch nucleophile Addition von Ethanol bzw. Wasser bilden. Bei der Protonierung wird die Anlagerung unter Ausbildung von 2H+ rückgängig gemacht.
    Notes: Biliverdin dimethyl ester (2) in freshly prepared ethanolic solution showed fluorescence maxima at 710 and 770 nm which were shifted to 725 and 806 nm on monoprotonation. ΦF for 2 and 2 H + was similar at room temperature (1.1 · 10-4 and 2.7 · 10-4, respectively), and it increased at 77 K to 5.0 · 10-4 for 2 and to 2.6 · 10-2 for 2H+. This acid effect was reversed on neutralization. The pKa values of 2 were 4.3 ± 0.1 at room temperature and ca. 5.3 at 77 K, and those of the fluorescent state were higher by ΔpK = 1.5 and 4.4, respectively. Certain differences between the absorption and fluorescence excitation spectra reflect either anomalous relaxation properties of excited *2 and *2H+ or non-identity of the emitting species with the predominant ground state absorbers, or both. The changes of ΦF with temperature and protonation of 2 are interpreted in terms of radiationless deactivation induced by twisting around the methine-ring bonds and by intramolecular proton exchange in 2. These conclusions are supported by fluorescence measurements of the pyrromethenes 4, 5, and 8, the pyrromethenone 9, and bilirubin dimethyl ester (10). When a degassed neutral ethanolic solution of 2 was left to stand in the dark at room temperature, or when an acidic solution was neutralized, a new fluorescence maximum at 500 nm (excitation spectrum at 77 K: Δmax = 470 nm) developed. This emission disappeared again on addition of acid. It is ascribed to 10-ethoxy- or 10-hydroxybilirubin dimethyl ester (12) whose formation by nucleophilic addition of solvent or trace water to 2 is reversed on protonation, affording 2H+.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Freshly prepared solutions of biliverdin dimethyl ester (2) in ethanol showed fluorescence maxima at 710 and 770 nm [ΦF = 1.1. 10-4 (room temperature) and 5.0 10-4 (77 K)]. The maxima of monoprotonated 2 at 77 K were shifted to 725 and 806 nm and the quantum yield was increased to 2.6. 10-2. This acid effect was reversible by neutralization with base. When a neutral solution was kept standing in the dark at room temperature, or when an acidic solution was neutralized by base, an additional fluorescence maximum at 500 nm with a mirror image excitation spectrum with λmax = 470 nm developed, which disappeared on addition of acid and which is attributed to a chemical change of 2.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chiralität ; Hemiporphycen ; N-Liganden ; Photophysik ; Porphyrinoide ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 90 (1978), S. 1012-1013 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Das Verhalten der Dimethylester von Bilirubin und Biliverdin (BRE bzw. BVE) und verwandter linearer Tetrapyrrole im elektronischen Grund- und Anregungszustand ist mit photochemischen und spektroskopischen Methoden  -  Absorption, Fluoreszenz, Fluoreszenzanregung, mediuminduziertem Circulardichroismus und magnetischer Protonenresonanz  -  untersucht worden. Beide Tetrapyrroltypen bilden in sehr verdünnten Lösungen Gemische von topologischen Isomeren. Bei den Bilirubinen wird die Heterogenität der Lösungen hauptsächlich auf zwei Konformere mit unterschiedlicher räumlicher Anordnung der A/B- und C/D-Pyrromethenonteile zueinander zurückgeführt. Die spektralen Eigenschaften des einen Konformers entsprechen jenen des isolierten Pyrromethenon-Grundchromophors, während diejenigen des anderen eine elektronische Kopplung der beiden vermutlich in „Falzziegel“-Anordnung gehaltenen Teilchromophore widerspiegelt. Drehungen um die Einfachbindungen C-5-C-6 und C-14-C-15 beteiligen sich parallel zu den photochemischen Kanälen (E→Z-Isomerisierung und Lumirubinbildung) an der strahlungslosen Desaktivierung des angeregten Singulettzustandes. Die weniger bewegliche „Falzziegel“-Komponente wird zusätzlich durch Prozesse desaktiviert, die durch Wasserstoffbrücken ausgelöst werden. Bei den um zwei H-Atome ärmeren Biliverdinen sind die Verhältnisse bedeutend komplexer. Um detailliertere Einsicht in die Mechanismen der strahlungslosen Desaktivierung der Anregungszustände zu gewinnen, wurden die stationären Methoden durch zeitaufgelöste Methoden wie optoakustische Spektroskopie und ultraschnelle Absorptions-(Pump-Probe) und Fluoreszenz-Detektionstechniken (Single-Photon-Timing) ergänzt. Die Lösung enthält eine (Gruppe von) helical gekrümmte(n) all-Z, all-syn-Spezies sowie Konformere mit gestreckter Anordnung der Ringe B und C um C-10 (E-anti, E-syn und Z-anti). Zwei angeregte Singulettzustände mit Picosekunden-Lebenszeiten sind einer oder zwei gekrümmten Grundzustandsformen zuzuordnen, und zwei bemerkenswert langlebige Nanosekunden-Zustände entsprechen jeweils einer der gestreckten Grundzustandsformen. Zu den Ursachen der strahlungslosen Desaktivierung der Picosekunden-Zustände zählen Drehungen um CC-Einfachbindungen und beim kürzerlebigen Zustand zusätzlich auch die intramolekulare Protonverschiebung zwischen den B/C-Stickstoffatomen. Auch die Z→E-Photoisomerisierung ist ein wichtiger Desaktivierungskanal. Sie liefert selektiv ein gestrecktes Isomer (10E-anti), das bei Raumtemperatur thermisch das gekrümmte Ausgangsmaterial zurückbildet. Bei Erhitzen oder Ultraschallbehandlung kann sich ein thermisch auch bei Raumtemperatur stabiles gestrecktes Isomer (10E-syn) bilden. Diese Form wandelt sich praktisch vollständig in Aggregate (vermutlich Dimere) um, und zwar bei Konzentrationen, bei denen die gekrümmte Komponente noch anscheinend unverändert monomer vorliegt.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: chirality ; N ligands ; photophysics ; porphyrinoids ; synthesis design ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Conformation analysis ; Photophysics ; Bile pigments ; Bilirubin ; Biliverdin ; Tetrapyrroles ; Photochemistry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bilirubin and biliverdin dimethyl esters (BRE and BVE, respectively) and related linear tetrapyrroles have been studied using a combination of photochemical and spectroscopic techniques, the latter including absorption, fluorescence fluorescence excitation, medium-induced circular dichroism, and proton magnetic resonance. Both types of tetrapyrroles form mixtures of different topological isomers in very dilute solutions. In the case of the bilirubins the heterogeneity of the solutions is caused by two coexisting conformers with different orientations of the A/B and C/D pyrromethenone moieties with repect to each other. The spectral properties of one conformer resemble the isolated parent pyrromethenone, whereas those of the other result from electronic coupling of the two subchromophores presumably held in a “ridge tile” -like orientation. C—C rotations at the C-5 and C-15 bridges substantially compete in both components with the photochemical channels (E→Z isomerization and lumirubin formation) for the radiationless deactivation of the excited singlet state. The more rigid “ridge tile” component additionally undergoes hydrogen bond-mediated deactivation, and it photoisomerizes more efficiently. The situation is markedly more complex with the biliverdins. In order to obtain a more detailed insight into the mechanisms of the radiationless excited-state processes, time-resolved optoacoustic spectroscopy and ultrafast absorption (pump-probe) and fluorescence detection (single-photon-timing) techniques were used to supplement the stationary methods. The solution mixtures are composed of a (family of) helically coiled all-Z, all-syn species, and of species differing from the former by stretched arrangements of the rings B and C around the central C-10 bridge (E-anti, E-syn, and Z-anti). Two excited singlet states with picosecond lifetimes are attributed to either one or two coiled ground-state forms, and two remarkably long-lived nanosecond excited states arise each from a stretched ground state. The radiationless deactivation of the shorter-lived of the picosecond states is brought about by ultrafast intramolecular proton transfer between the B/C nitrogen atoms, in addition to the C—C rotational modes operative in both. Z→E photoisomerization is also an appreciable deactivation channel of excited biliverdin dimethyl ester. It is confined to the central C-10 double bond and selectively affords a stretched isomer (10E-anti), which thermally reforms the coiled starting meterial at room temperature via a sequence of tautomerization and C—C rotation. Heating or ultrasonic treatment can reverse this sequence and drive it farther to populate another stretched isomer (10E-syn) which is thermally stable at room temperature. This stretched form aggregates (presumably to dimers) already at concentrations at which the coiled species still appears to be fully monomeric.
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