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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2011-12-20
    Description: The austral westerlies strongly influence precipitation and ocean circulation in the southern temperate zone, with important consequences for cultures and ecosystems. Global climate models anticipate poleward contraction of the austral westerlies with future warming, but the available paleoclimate records that might test these models have been largely limited to South America, are not fully consistent with each other, and may be complicated by influences from other climatic factors. Here we present the first fine-interval diatom and sedimentological records from the winter rainfall region of South Africa, representing precipitation during the last 1400 yr. Inferred rainfall increased ~1400–1200 cal yr BP and most notably during the Little Ice Age with pulses centered on ~600, 530, 470, 330, 200, and 90 cal yr BP. Synchronous fluctuations in Antarctic ice core chemistry strongly suggest that these variations are linked to changes in the westerlies. Partial inconsistencies among South African and South American records warn against the simplistic application of local-scale histories to the Southern Hemisphere as a whole. Nonetheless, these findings in general do support model projections of increasing aridity in austral winter rainfall zones with future warming.
    Print ISSN: 1814-9340
    Electronic ISSN: 1814-9359
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2012-05-03
    Description: The austral westerlies strongly influence precipitation and ocean circulation in the southern temperate zone, with important consequences for cultures and ecosystems. Global climate models anticipate poleward retreat of the austral westerlies with future warming, but the available paleoclimate records that might test these models have been limited to South America and New Zealand, are not fully consistent with each other and may be complicated by influences from other climatic factors. Here we present the first high-resolution diatom and sedimentological records from the winter rainfall region of South Africa, representing precipitation in the equatorward margin of the westerly wind belt during the last 1400 yr. Inferred rainfall was relatively high ∼1400–1200 cal yr BP, decreased until ∼950 cal yr BP, and rose notably through the Little Ice Age with pulses centred on ∼600, 530, 470, 330, 200, 90, and 20 cal yr BP. Synchronous fluctuations in Antarctic ice core chemistry strongly suggest that these variations were linked to changes in the westerlies. Equatorward drift of the westerlies during the wet periods may have influenced Atlantic meridional overturning circulation by restricting marine flow around the tip of Africa. Apparent inconsistencies among some aspects of records from South America, New Zealand and South Africa warn against the simplistic application of single records to the Southern Hemisphere as a whole. Nonetheless, these findings in general do support model projections of increasing aridity in the austral winter rainfall zones with future warming.
    Print ISSN: 1814-9324
    Electronic ISSN: 1814-9332
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 394 (1972), S. 67-73 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: By reaction of metallic gallium with Mn2(CO)10 in a sealed tube we obtained red crystals of Ga2[Mn(CO)5]4. IR and Raman spectra of this compound indicate the presence of Ga-Ga bonds and Ga-Mn bonds with a previously unknown metal atom skeleton of Mn-Ga-Ga(Mn)3.In[Mn(CO)5]3 with a planar InMn3 skeleton of D3h symmetry was prepared by the same new preparation method.
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von metallischem Gallium mit Mn2(CO)10 im Bombenrohr wurden rote Kristalle der formalen Zusammensetzung Ga2[Mn(CO)5]4 erhalten. IR- und Raman-Spektrum dieser Verbindung lassen auf das Vorhandensein sowohl von Ga-Mn-Bindungen als auch Ga-Ga-Bindungen und auf das Vorliegen eines für Metalle der III. Hauptgruppe bisher unbekannten Metallgerüstes Mn-Ga-Ga(Mn)3 schließen. Nach der gleichen neuartigen Darstellungsmethode, jedoch unter Zusatz von Xylol, wurde In[Mn(CO)5]3, welches eine InMn3-Verknüpfung von D3h-Symmetrie hat, gewonnen.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 471 (1980), S. 175-186 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation of C6H5M(CO5 (M = Mn, Re) and Ortho-Metallated Ketones with a Manganese or Rhenium Ring MemberC6H5Mn(CO)5 and C6H5Re(CO)5 were obtained by a new preparation method by a photochemical reaction between M2(CO)10 (M = Mn, Re) and (C6H5)2Hg. The reaction of C6H5Mn(CO)5 with (CH3)2Hg at different reaction conditions yielded the o-metallated benzophenone or the acetophenone; such known o-metallated derivates were prepared as yet by a reaction between the ketones and CH3Mn(CO)5. The ortho-metallated ketones and or were reaction products between Mn2(CO)10 and R2Hg (R=C6H5 or p-(CH3)2NC6H4). On the contrary Re2(CO)10 and (C6H5)2Hg were capable to form the analogous ortho-metallated benzophenone derivatives only by an addition of benzophenone. A substitution reaction of a CO ligand by P(C6H5)3, a fission of the five-membered heterocyclic ring and a phenylation was carried out for some of such o-metallated ketones. The products were characterized by infrared spectroscopic measurements.
    Notes: C6H5Mn(CO)5 und C6H5Re(CO)5 wurden nach einem neuen Darstellungsverfahren durch eine photochemische Umsetzung zwischen M2(CO)10 und (C6H5)2Hg erhalten. Die Reaktion von C6H5Mn(CO)5 mit (CH3)2Hg ergab bei verschiedenen Reaktionsbedingungen das o-metallierte Benzophenon oder das Acetophenon; solche bekannten o-metallierten Derivate wurden bisher durch eine Umsetzung zwischen den jeweiligen Ketonen und CH3Mn(CO)5 hergestellt. Die o-metallierten Ketone und oder sind Reaktionsprodukte zwischen Mn2(CO)10 und R2Hg (R=C6H5) oder o-(CH3)2NC6H4). Demgegenüber reagierte Re2(CO)10 und (C6H5)2Hg nur bei einem Zusatz von Benzophenon zu den analogen ortho-metallierten Benzophenon-Derivaten. Eine CO-Ligandensubstitutionsreaktion gegen P(C6H5)3, eine Spaltung des heterozyklischen Fünfrings und eine Phenylierung wurden für einige solcher o-metallierter Ketone durchgeführt. Die Produkte wurden durch infrarotspektroskopische Messungen charakterisiert.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 485 (1982), S. 234-240 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Gallium-, Indium-Manganese-, and Thallium-Rhenium Carbonyl CompoundsCompounds of type Na{Cl4-nM[Mn(CO)5]n} (M = Ga, In; n = 1, 2, 3) were prepared by reaction of the Lewis acids MCl3 and NaMn(CO)5. Instead of the sodium salts were obtained the compounds (C3H7CO2)2InMn(CO)4L (Indium atom with the coordination number 5) from Indium(III) butyrate with two carboxylate groups bonded as chelate ligands and NaMn(CO)4L [L = CO, P(C6H5)3] in the molar ratio 1:1. By reacting TlCl with NaRe(CO)5 i.r. spectroscopic measurements of the solution pointed out the intermediate product TlRe(CO)5, which was unstable against a disproportionation reaction into Tl and Tl[Re(CO)5]3. The last named compound delivered as a thermal decomposition product Re2(CO)8[μ-TlRe(CO)5]2. I.r. bands of the new compounds were assigned.
    Notes: Verbindungen des Typs Na{Cl4-nM[Mn(CO)5]n} (M = Ga, In; n = 1, 2, 3) wurden durch Umsetzungen der Lewissäuren MCl3 mit NaMn(CO)5 hergestellt. An Stelle der Natriumsalze entstanden die beiden Produkte (C3H7CO2)2InMn(CO)4L (Indiumatom mit Koordinationszahl 5) bei Umsetzungen zwischen Indium(III)-butyrat mit zwei chelatartig gebundenen Carboxylatgruppen und NaMn(CO)4L [L = CO, P(C6H5)3] im Molverhältnis 1:1. Bei der Reaktion von TlCl mit NaRe(CO)5 zeigten infrarotspektroskopische Lösungsuntersuchungen das Zwischenprodukt TlRe(CO)5, welches instabil gegenüber einer Disproportionierungsreaktion in Thalliummetall und Tl[Re(CO)5]3 war. Die letztgenannte Verbindung lieferte als ein thermisches Zersetzungsprodukt Re2(CO)8[μ-TlRe(CO)5]2. Es wurden den neuen Verbindungen IR-Banden zugeordnet.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 28 (1895), S. 1660-1665 
    ISSN: 0365-9496
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 68 (1935), S. 2167-2167 
    ISSN: 0365-9631
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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