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  • 1
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    CMIP5 multimodel ensemble projection of storm track change under global warming (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-03
    Description: [1]  CMIP5 multimodel ensemble projection of midlatitude storm track changes has been examined. Storm track activity is quantified by temporal variance of meridional wind and sea level pressure (psl), as well as cyclone track statistics. For the Southern Hemisphere (SH), CMIP5 models project clear poleward migration, upward expansion, and intensification of the storm track. For the Northern Hemisphere (NH), the models also project some poleward shift and upward expansion of the storm track in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere, but mainly weakening of the storm track toward its equatorward flank in the troposphere. Consistent with these, CMIP5 models project significant increase in the frequency of extreme cyclones during the SH cool season, but significant decrease in such events in the NH. Comparisons with CMIP3 projections indicate high degrees of consistency for SH projections, but significant differences are found in the NH. Overall, CMIP5 models project larger decrease in storm track activity in the NH troposphere, especially over North America in winter, where psl variance as well as cyclone frequency and amplitude are all projected to decrease significantly. In terms of climatology, similar to CMIP3, most CMIP5 models simulate storm tracks that are too weak and display equatorward biases in their latitude. These biases have also been related to future projections. In the NH, the strength of a model's climatological storm track is negatively correlated with its projected amplitude change under global warming, while in the SH, models with large equatorward biases in storm track latitude tend to project larger poleward shifts.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Observed and projected decrease in Northern Hemisphere extratropical cyclone activity in summer and its impacts on maximum temperature (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-28
    Description: Extratropical cyclones cause much of the high impact weather over the mid-latitudes. With increasing greenhouse gases, enhanced high-latitude warming will lead to weaker cyclone activity. Here we show that between 1979 and 2014, the number of strong cyclones in Northern Hemisphere in summer has decreased at a rate of 4% per decade, with even larger decrease found near northeastern North America. Climate models project a decrease in summer cyclone activity, but the observed decreasing rate is near the fastest projected. Decrease in summer cyclone activity will lead to decrease in cloud cover, giving rise to higher maximum temperature, potentially enhancing the increase in maximum temperature by 0.5 K or more over some regions. We also show that climate models may have biases in simulating the positive relationship between cyclone activity and cloud cover, potentially under-estimating the impacts of cyclone decrease on accentuating the future increase in maximum temperature.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Impacts of Background Field Removal on CMIP5 Projected Changes in Pacific Winter Cyclone Activity (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-11
    Description: [1]  Cyclones are responsible for much of the high impact weather in the extratropics, thus how they will change under global warming is of great concern. Several studies have used the multi-model climate simulations conducted under Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) to examine such changes. One study suggested that the frequency of strong cyclones is projected to decrease over the North Pacific, while another concluded that this frequency will increase. [2]  A single tracking algorithm has been used to derive cyclone statistics from 23 CMIP5 simulations using two different definitions of cyclones: cyclones as minima in total sea level pressure (SLP), or cyclones as minima in SLP perturbations about a large scale, low frequency background. When cyclones are defined by total SLP, the frequency of deep cyclones over the Pacific is projected to increase, while if cyclones are defined as perturbations, this frequency is projected to decrease. These differences are shown to be due to a projected deepening of the climatological mean Aleutian low. [3]  In view of these results, it is important to critically assess how cyclones should be defined. Preliminary results suggest that among CMIP5 simulations, over the Pacific, both the projected changes in the frequency of high wind events and mean available potential energy are better correlated with the projected changes in the frequency of cyclones defined as perturbations. It is concluded that more research should be done to quantify and understand the impacts of the different definitions of cyclones.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    CMIP5 multimodel ensemble projection of storm track change under global warming (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-15
    Description: CMIP5 multimodel ensemble projection of midlatitude storm track changes has been examined. Storm track activity is quantified by temporal variance of meridional wind and sea level pressure (psl), as well as cyclone track statistics. For the Southern Hemisphere (SH), CMIP5 models project clear poleward migration, upward expansion, and intensification of the storm track. For the Northern Hemisphere (NH), the models also project some poleward shift and upward expansion of the storm track in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere, but mainly weakening of the storm track toward its equatorward flank in the troposphere. Consistent with these, CMIP5 models project significant increase in the frequency of extreme cyclones during the SH cool season, but significant decrease in such events in the NH. Comparisons with CMIP3 projections indicate high degrees of consistency for SH projections, but significant differences are found in the NH. Overall, CMIP5 models project larger decrease in storm track activity in the NH troposphere, especially over North America in winter, where psl variance as well as cyclone frequency and amplitude are all projected to decrease significantly. In terms of climatology, similar to CMIP3, most CMIP5 models simulate storm tracks that are too weak and display equatorward biases in their latitude. These biases have also been related to future projections. In the NH, the strength of a model's climatological storm track is negatively correlated with its projected amplitude change under global warming, while in the SH, models with large equatorward biases in storm track latitude tend to project larger poleward shifts.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 5
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    A Wideband Absorber of Load Dipoles on a Dielectric Substrate with Inductive Ground Plane (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract A planar array of dipoles with matched loads in air backed by a ground plane at a quarter wavelength would become an absorber with a −10‐dB bandwidth of about 10%. Obviously, if the air substrate behind the dipoles is replaced by a dielectric substrate, the physical thickness of the absorber, saying a quarter wavelength, can be reduced. Meanwhile, as the incident waves illuminate on the absorber, the reflections are mainly from three ways, which are the air‐dielectric interface, the back scattering of the loaded dipole as a receiving antenna, and the ground plane. This paper shows that with the combination of the three reflections and a suitable dielectric constant together with its dipole separations, the −10‐dB bandwidth of the absorber increases to 20% and beyond. To further decrease the thickness of the dipole‐based absorber, inductive ground plane is introduced to replace the normal ground; phase analyses of the dipole‐based absorber with inductive ground is also given to explain the feasibility of the proposed technique. Both simulations and measurement results show that, with the proposed technique above, not only the thickness of the dipole‐based absorber can be decreased from a quarter wavelength to less than fifth wavelength, but also the −10‐dB bandwidth of the reflection can be enhanced from 20% to 48% or so.
    Print ISSN: 0048-6604
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-799X
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Interannual Modulation of Northern Hemisphere Winter Storm Tracks by the QBO (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-12
    Description: Storm tracks, defined as the preferred regions of extratropical synoptic-scale disturbances, have remarkable impacts on global weather and climate systems. Causes of interannual storm track variation have been investigated mostly from a troposphere perspective. As shown in this study, Northern Hemisphere winter storm tracks are significantly modulated by the tropical stratosphere through the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO). The North Pacific storm track (NPST) shifts poleward during the easterly QBO winters associated with a dipole change in the eddy refraction and baroclinicity. The North Atlantic storm track (NAST) varies vertically with a downward shrinking (upward expansion) in easterly (westerly) QBO winters associated with the change of the tropopause height. These results not only fill the knowledge gap of QBO-storm track relationship but also suggest a potential route to improve the seasonal prediction of extratropical storm activities owing to the high predictability of the QBO.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new method for control of polymer particles size in emulsion polymerization (1980)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 2 (1980), S. 74-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730020203
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and immunological properties of polyacrolein formed by means of ionizing radiation and base catalysis (1984)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 22 (1984), S. 609-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of the formation of polyacrolein microspheres by ionizing radiation (polymer I) were investigated. Their structure and reactivity were compared with polyacrolein microspheres prepared by base catalysis (polymer II). The study of Fourier infrared (IR) spectra of polymers I and II showed structural differences. The reaction of polyacrolein spheres with m-aminophenol indicated the presence of conjugated groups. The reaction of antibodies with polyacrolein spheres was investigated as a function of pH and the number of reactive aldehyde groups was determined by nitrogen analysis of polyacrolein-hydroxylamine adducts. Intensely fluorescent polyacrolein microspheres obtained by Co-γ-irradiation in sizes of 100 Å-4 μm have already found applications as immunoreagents for cell labeling and separation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1984.170220311
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of varying molecular weight distribution on the properties of binders (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 16 (1972), S. 1615-1627 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Work is reported on the effect of variation of molecular weight distribution on the properties of binder stocks. This work used three prepolymers (polypropylene glycol 1000, 2000, and 4000 and polypropylene glycol 400, 1000, and 2000) of different molecular weight and known molecular weight distribution. The prepolymer of the middle molecular weight was employed as standard, and stocks were prepared from it. To this prepolymer was added some of the high and low molecular weight prepolymers in proportions such that the crosslink density of stocks made from the mixture was the same as that of stocks made from the middle molecular weight prepolymer alone. Two series were prepared with different crosslinking agents. The proportions of high and low molecular weight prepolymer were successively increased until finally none of the middle molecular weight remained. Heterogeneity indexes of the glycols and their mixtures were measured by gel permeation chromatography. Elongation at break, modulus of elasticity, and extent of solvent swelling were determined on the crosslinked stocks. Properties which vary with crosslink density were found to show decreasing values with increasing heterogeneity index even though the stocks were formulated to a constant crosslink density. Narrow-distribution stocks reach the maximum degree of cure faster than the broader-distribution stocks. Infrared and thermal analysis confirm that monodisperse polymer has a greater extent of reaction than heterodisperse polymer. Results showed that the variation in elongation at break to be expected because of lot-to-lot variations in heterogeneity index is probably not greater than the experimental variation in the elongation test below a heterogeneity index of 1.5. Above 1.5, however, if the effects observed are entirely due to variation in heterogeneity index, lot-to-lot variations in molecular weight distribution cannot be ignored. An explanation is presented based on the varying ability of prepolymer molecules of different size to diffuse through uniform mesh openings resulting in lower final extents of reaction for broad distribution material.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1972.070160703
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A cooperative molecular weight distribution test (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 269-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The development of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) has provided a convenient tool for the rapid determination of molecular weight distribution. The question has arisen as to the suitability of the method for specification purposes. The present work, suggested by the Naval Air Systems Command, represents an attempt to assess the precision of the method through a series of tests carried out by a number of laboratories using identical procedures on the same samples. Ten laboratories agreed to take part. Naval Ordnance Station, Indian Head, worked out standard conditions for operation of the chromatograph, for calibration of the columns, and for analysis of the GPC curves. Two samples of polystyrene were used by the various organizations for calibration of their instruments. Number-average molecular weight, heterogeneity index, and cumulative molecular weight distribution curves were determined on four samples of carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB) and two samples of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), all unidentified except by letter code. All laboratories used identical directions for setting up CTPB and HTPB calibration curves which were based on curves determined from vapor-pressure osmometer molecular weights and GPC count numbers of fractionated material. Variation among the different laboratories was 0.15 in heterogeneity index, and a maximum of 1200 in molecular weight provided one aberrant set of values was eliminated. The six samples had heterogeneity indices from 1.15 to 1.54, while molecular weight varied from approximately 3000 to 6000. The average coefficient of variation of the molecular weight values was 6.2 ± 0.7%, which is quite acceptable. Variation in heterogeneity index was too great for specification purposes when considered among the different laboratories, but may be sufficiently good when measured by any one laboratory.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170121
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