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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 609-617 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Microstructural, mechanical and corrosive properties of friction stir welded aluminium jointsFriction stir welding (FSW) is a novel solid state welding process. It allows joining of high strength aluminum alloys, generally considered as difficult-to-weld with conventional technologies, without loss in joint strength. Results of investigations on selfmade FSW butt joints of the aluminum alloys 2024-T3 and 6013-T4 are presented. First, the microstructure of the weld seam and heat affected zone is characterised metallographically and by hardness measurements. By tensile, fatigue endurance (SN) and fatigue crack propagation tests it is demonstrated, that especially the FSW-joints of 2024-T3 sustain high mechanical loadings. Investigations on the corrosion properties reveal a certain sensitivity of the 2024-T3 joints to intergranular and exfoliation corrosion.
    Notes: Das Reibrührschweißen (friction stir welding FSW) ist ein neues Fügeverfahren, mit dem auch die schwer schmelzschweißbaren, höherfesten Aluminiumlegierungen ohne große Festigkeitsverluste verschweißt werden können. Erste Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen an selbst hergestellten FSW-Stumpfnähten der Aluminiumlegierungen 2024-T3 und 6013-T4 werden vorgestellt. Zunächst wird das Gefüge der Naht und der Wärmeeinflußzone mikrostrukturell und durch Härteverläufe charakterisiert. Weiterhin wird mit Zug-, Schwingfestigkeits- und Rißfortschrittsversuchen nachgewiesen, daß insbesondere die FSW-Nähte der Legierung 2024-T3 außerordentlich hohe mechanische Belastungen ertragen. Abschließende Korrosionsuntersuchungen der FSW-Nähte zeigen eine gewisse Anfälligkeit der abschreckempfindlichen Legierung 2024-T3 für interkristalline Korrosion und Schichtkorrosion.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 71-74 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: On-line coupled LC-GC ; Loop-type interface ; Mixing in the sample loop ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: During introduction of an LC fraction into the sample loop of the loop-type interface mixing occurs between the fraction of interest and the material previously eluted from the LC. Such mixing may not only result in losses of the solute material of interest, but also in contamination of the fraction of interest with material from which it was supposed to have been isolated. Experimental determination of the extent of mixing has led to the conclusion that whereas the effects are negligible under some conditions, in some circumstances the mixing can cause severe problems.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 17 (1836), S. 191-192 
    ISSN: 0365-5490
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 20 (1836), S. 71-73 
    ISSN: 0365-5490
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: We report on a systematic record of SO 2 flux emissions from individual vents of Etna volcano (Sicily), which we obtained using a permanent UV camera network. Observations were carried out in summer 2014, a period encompassing two eruptive episodes of the New South East Crater (NSEC), and a fissure-fed eruption in the upper Valle del Bove. We demonstrate that our vent-resolved SO 2 flux time-series allow capturing shifts in activity from one vent to another, and contribute to our understanding of the Etna's shallow plumbing system structure. We find that the fissure eruption contributed ~50,000 tons of SO 2 , or ~30 % of the SO 2 emitted by the volcano during the July 5 th -August 10 th eruptive interval. Activity from this eruptive vent gradually vanished on August 10 th , marking a switch of degassing toward the NSEC. Onset of degassing at the NSEC was precursory to explosive paroxysmal activity on August 11 th -15 th .
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: Due to its massive air traffic impact, the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull was felt by millions of people and cost airlines more than U.S. $1.7 billion. The event has, thus, become widely cited in renewed efforts to improve real-time tracking of volcanic plumes, as witnessed by special sections published last year in Journal of Geophysical Research , ( 117 , issues D20 and B9).
    Print ISSN: 0096-3941
    Electronic ISSN: 2324-9250
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2012-09-22
    Description: Explosive activity at Stromboli volcano is analyzed using a high-frame rate (50 Hz) thermal camera and differential pressure transducers. We develop a thermal image-based decomposition method to derive vertical and horizontal exit velocities of the explosive cloud. Peak vertical velocity ranges between 23 and 203 m/s, slightly higher than previous estimates and rapidly decreasing to a constant value of 30–50 m/s within the first ∼0.1 s. Plume velocities are consistent with an elongated cloud expanding much faster vertically than horizontally and indicating the interaction with the conduit wall. Considering a vent radius of ∼2 m we estimate a volumetric flux of 200–600 m3/s, which converts to total volumes of gas-particles of 103–104 m3 for a single eruption. These volumes are proportional to the thermal energy recorded by the camera, providing a means to convert thermal radiance to volumes. Comparing the thermal onset of the explosions with the arrival time of the acoustic pressure, we demonstrate that infrasound is propagating 0.14−1.7 s ahead of the explosive front. The time difference between thermal and acoustic onsets constrains the infrasonic source within the conduit at 15–35 m below the crater rim. Peak amplitudes of acoustic pressure show a power law relationship (p ∼ U2) with the exit vertical velocities consistent with the energy balance of a two-phase flow rapidly accelerated in the conduit by gas decompression. Our results support monopole isotropic acoustic radiation of a source embedded within the conduit walls and indicate that explosive dynamics undergo strong accelerations of 103–104 m/s2.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2015-12-23
    Description: Freshwater aquaculture is an important source of protein worldwide. Over-exploitation of fisheries can, however, add severely to pressures on ecosystem functioning and services. In Southeast Asia, aquaculture in freshwater lakes contributes significantly to the economy and to reductions in poverty and nutritional insecurity. However, overstocking and excessive feeding of fish can lead to a degradation of affected water bodies, manifest as eutrophication, toxic algal blooms, losses of biodiversity and amenity, anoxia and, in extreme cases, collapse of fisheries. Projected increased warming and storminess associated with global climate change are likely to magnify existing problems. Matching levels of aquaculture production with ecological carrying capacity is therefore likely to become increasingly challenging, requiring levels of data and understanding that are rarely available, a problem that is impossible to rectify in the short term using standard limnological approaches. This paper reviews the development of freshwater aquaculture in the Philippines, associated environmental impacts, and relevant environmental regulations and regulatory bodies. The potential role of palaeolimnology, a science that is relatively under-utilised in the tropics generally and in tropical Asia in particular, in complementing extant datasets, including monitoring records, is highlighted through reference to a preliminary study at Lake Mohicap. Lake Mohicap currently supports aquaculture and is one of a cluster of seven volcanic crater lakes on Luzon, the largest of the archipelago of islands forming the Philippines.
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-4049
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Description: Basaltic volcanoes are dominated by lava emission and mild explosive activity. Nevertheless, many basaltic systems exhibit, from time to time, poorly documented and little-understood violent explosions. A short-lived, multiblast explosive crisis (paroxysmal explosion) occurred on 15 March 2007 during an effusive eruptive crisis at Stromboli (Italy). The explosive crisis, which started at 20:38:14 UT, had a total duration of ∼5 min. The combined use of multiparametric data collected by the permanent instrumental networks (seismic, acoustic, and thermal records) and a field survey carried out immediately after the event enabled us to constrain the eruptive dynamics and quantify physical parameters. The eruption consisted of three major pulses: In the first, lithic blocks and ash were ejected at speeds of 100–155 m/s and 130–210 m/s, respectively. The high solid load of the eruptive jet resulted in the partial collapse of the column with the formation of a small-volume pyroclastic density current. The second, 12 s long pulse emitted 2.2–2.7 × 107 kg of tephra (mass discharge rate = 1.9–2.3 × 106 kg/s), forming a 3 km high convective plume, dispersing tephra up to the west coast, and a dilute density current with limited dispersal downslope of the craters. A final, 30 s long phase formed a scoria flow with a volume of 1.5–1.7 × 104 m3 (mass discharge rate = 5.9–6.7 × 105 kg/s), a total runout of ∼200 m, and a velocity of 45 m/s. The total gas volume involved in the explosion was 1.3–1.9 × 104 m3 with an initial overpressure of 7.9 ± 0.4 MPa. We compared the 15 March 2007 event with historical paroxysms, in particular with that of 5 April 2003, which was remarkably similar.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2016-05-14
    Description: Recent gas flux measurements have shown that strombolian explosions are often followed by periods of elevated flux, or ‘gas codas’, with durations of order a minute. Here, we present UV camera data from 200 events recorded at Stromboli volcano to constrain the nature of these codas for the first time, providing estimates for combined explosion plus coda SO 2 masses of ≈ 18 – 225 kg. Numerical simulations of gas slug ascent show that substantial proportions of the initial gas mass can be distributed into a train of ‘daughter bubbles’ released from the base of the slug, which we suggest, generate the codas, on bursting at the surface. This process could also cause transitioning of slugs into cap bubbles, significantly reducing explosivity. This study is the first attempt to combine high temporal resolution gas flux data with numerical simulations of conduit gas flow to investigate volcanic degassing dynamics.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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