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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 176 (1975), S. 3269-3285 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The perbenzylation of polysaccharides can be achieved with benzyl chloride in DMSO under nitrogen with exclusion of moisture in the presence of methylsulfinylmethanide (1). Only one reaction step is necessary to obtain the completely substituted products of amylose, pullulan, dextran, and xylan, whereas the tribenzylethers of laminaran, glycogen, and low molecular weight mannan are received in two steps. The yields are between 60 and 90%.Under these reaction conditions pustulan and galactomannan could not be completely benzylated.High molecular weight mannan and cellulose (polyglycans which are unsoluble and don't swell in DMSO) can be benzylated in the presence of an excess of 1 (4 mol 1/mol OH-group) under similar conditions, if the corresponding monoacetylated derivatives which are soluble in DMSO are used as starting material. The fully benzylated products are obtained in two steps with yields of 30-35%.The various results obtained with the benzylation reaction are discussed in terms of solubility, degree of polymerization, and structure of the particular polysaccharide.
    Notes: Die Perbenzylierung von Polysacchariden gelingt in Gegenwart von Methylsulfinyl-methanid (1) mit Benzylchlorid in DMSO unter Stickstoff und Feuchtigkeitsausschluß. Während sich in einem Umsetzungsschritt Amylose, Pullulan, Dextran und Xylan vollständig substituieren lassen, werden Tribenzyläther von Laminaran, Glykogen und niedermolekularem Mannan erst nach der zweiten Benzylierung erhalten. Die Ausbeuten liegen zwischen 60 und 90%. Pustulan und Galaktomannan können unter diesen Reaktionsbedingungen nicht vollständig benzyliert werden.Die Benzylierung von hochmolekularem Mannan und Cellulose (in DMSO unlösliche und nicht quellbare Polyglykane) gelingt, wenn als Ausgangsmaterial die in DMSO löslichen Monoacetate verwendet und diese in Gegenwart eines Überschusses von 1 (4mol 1/mol OH-Gruppe) mit Benzylchlorid unter analogen Bedingungen umgesetzt werden. Trisubstituierte Cellulose und Mannan erhält man in zwei Umsetzungsschritten. Die Ausbeuten liegen zwischen 30 und 35%.Die unterschiedlichen Ergebnisse bei der Benzylierung werden im Zusammenhang mit Löslichkeit, Polymerisationsgrad und Struktur der einzelnen Polysaccharide diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The 13C-NMR spectra of malto- and isomalto-oligosaccharides, amylose and dextrane were analysed. It was observed that in both series of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides the resonances of the central glucose units are independent of the chain length with the exception of the C-atoms 1 and 4 of amylose which show deviations of 0,4 and 0,5 ppm. These small effects can possibly be explained by a definite polysaccharide chain conformation in solution.
    Notes: Die 13C-NMR-Spektren von polymerhomologen Reihen der Malto- und Isomaltooligosaccharide, sowie die von Amylose und Dextran wurden aufgenommen und analysiert. Dabei wurde festgestellt, daß bei den Polymerhomologen die Resonanzen der C-Atome der mittelständigen Glucoseeinheiten unabhängig von der Kettenlänge sind. Während sich das Polysaccharid Dextran wie die Oligosaccharide verhält, zeigen im Falle der Amylose die Resonanzen der C-Atome 1 und 4 Abweichungen von 0,4 bzw. 0,5 ppm. Diese-wenn auch kleinen-Effekte geben möglicherweise einen Hinweis auf das Vorliegen einer überstruktur in Lösung.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 143 (1971), S. 275-277 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
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    Springer International Publishing AG
    In:  EPIC3Climate Dynamics, Springer International Publishing AG, ISSN: 0930-7575
    Publication Date: 2016-10-04
    Description: Speleothem δ18O records provide valuable information about past continental environmental and climatic conditions, although their interpretation is often not straightforward. Here we evaluate a compilation of late Holocene speleothem δ18O records using a Monte Carlo based Principal Component Analysis (MC-PCA) method that accounts for uncertainties in individual speleothem age models and for the variable temporal resolution of each δ18O record. The MC-PCA approach permits not only the identification of temporally coherent changes in speleothem δ18O; it also facilitates their graphical depiction and evaluation of their spatial coherency. The MC-PCA method was applied to 11 Holocene speleothem δ18O records that span most of the European continent (apart from the circum-Mediterranean region). We observe a common (shared) mode of speleothem δ18O variability that suggests millennial-scale coherency and cyclicity during the last 4.5ka. These changes are likely caused by variability in atmospheric circulation akin to that associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation, reflecting meridionally shifted westerlies. We argue that these common large-scale variations in European speleothem δ18O records are in phase with changes in the North Atlantic Ocean circulation indicated by the vigour of the Iceland Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW), the strength of the subpolar gyre (SPG) and an ocean stacked North Atlantic ice rafted debris (IRD) index. Based on a recent modelling study, we conclude that these changes in the North Atlantic circulation history may be caused by wind stress on the ocean surface driven by shifted westerlies. However, the mechanisms that ultimately force the westerlies remain unclear.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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