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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Indirect electrochemical epoxidation of hexene in a liquid-liquid electrolyte (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 18 (1988), S. 405-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Preliminary experiments have been carried out on the mediated electrolytic synthesis of 1,2-epoxyhexane from 1-hexene. The electrochemical cell was an undivided parallel-plate reactor under galvanostatic operation at 25°C and 1 atm. The electro-active Br2/Br− couple acted as the mediating species. A dispersion of 1-hexene droplets in aqueous sodium bromide solution was generated by use of a static mixer. Current efficiency for organic species and chemical yield of epoxide were determined in order to investigate qualitatively the dependence of the overall electrolyzer performance upon flow rate, organic volume fraction, dispersed droplet size, and current density. The cell effluent was analyzed by gas chromatography. Epoxide current effciencies around 65% were obtained under operation conditions where the rate of bromine production by anodic reaction was sufficiently high so as to exceed the saturation concentration of hexene. Since the aqueous cell effluent was depleted of hexene, if was concluded that mass transfer from the organic phase into the aqueous phase was not able to replenish the electrolyte effectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01093755
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Buchbesprechungen (1994)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 16 (1994), S. 62-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01719707
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absolute Konfiguration von optisch aktivem 4,5-Diazatwist-4-en (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 748-753 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Absolute Configuration of Optically Active 4,5-Diazatwist-4-eneThe adduct 5 of diphenyl azodicarboxylate and 7,8-dibromobicyclo[4.2.0]octa-2,4-diene is transformed via 6 and 7 to the twistane derivative 8a, which is partially resolved on cellulose triacetate. Hydrogenation of (-)-4,5-Diazatwist-4-ene ((-)-1), obtained from (-)-8a, yields 2e, isolated as the hydrochloride (+)-2d. Since (+)-2d correlates with (+)-(2S, 5S)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2,5-dicarboxylic acid ((+)-2a), M-helicity is attributed to (-)-1.
    Notes: Das Addukt 5 aus Azodicarbonsäure-diphenylester und 7,8-Dibrombicyclo[4.2.0]octa-2,4-dien liefert über 6 und 7 das Twistanderivat 8a, das sich an Triacetylcellulose partiell in die Enantiomeren trennen läßt. Hydrierung des aus (-)-8a zugänglichen (-)-4,5-Diazatwist-4-ens ((-)-1) ergibt 2e, das als Hydrochlorid (+)-2d isoliert wird. Da (+)-2d mit der (+)-(2S, 5S)-Bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2,5-dicarbonsäure ((+)-2a) korreliert ist, wird (-)-1 die M-Helizität zugeordnet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19821150235
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berechnung des minimalen Energiebedarfs nichtidealer RektifikationenVortrag von J. Köhler auf dem Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure, 25. bis 27. Sept. 1991 in Köln. (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 65 (1993), S. 143-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Minimum Reflux Calculation for Nonideal Distillations. The minimum reflux ratio is the lower limit of operation for a distillative separation. Due to rising energy costs one is increasingly forced to approach this thermodynamically defined minimum energy consumption. This paper presents an overview of the important methods of calculation published to date. First, a concise physical and mathematical description of the problem is given to introduce the concept of pinch points. These are characteristic regions in separation profiles of distillation columns where an infinite number of stages would be required under minimum reflux conditions. Then, shortcut and rigorous problem solutions for both ideal and non-ideal mixtures are reported. Ideal mixtures can be computed using the well-known Underwood equations, which also cover complex column designs (multiple feeds/products, sidestream strippers and enrichers). However, pronouncedly non-ideal systems still require time-consuming simulations of columns with a large number of stages. Hence, recent developments attempt to avoid column simulations and to compute pinch points directly.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330650203
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur diskontinuierlichen Rektifikation azeotroper Gemische mit HilfsstoffeinsatzÜberarbeitete Fassung eines Vortrags von J. Köhler auf der GVC-Fachausschuß-Sitzung „Prozeß- und Anlagentechnik“ in Lahnstein, 23./25. Oktober 1994. (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 67 (1995), S. 967-971 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Discontinuous Rectification of Azeotropic Mixtures with Use of Auxiliary Substances. Batchwise rectification is one of the most commonly used thermal separation operation in the production of fine chemicals and pharmaceiticals, where small amounts of mixtures containing several product or auxiliary components are generally separated. Greater plant flexibility with regard to mixture composition, throughput, and separation specification often also favours batchwise over continuous processing. This publication discusses process engineering possibilities of batchwise rectification of azeotropic mixtures with the aid of various examples. It gives a detailed presentation of two industrial batch rectifications with additional feed of auxiliary substances, viz. azeotropic rectification with entrainment agent and extractive rectification. In both cases the set goal is to minimise charge times and to maximise the quantities processed in plant operation, with time-optimised control of auxiliary substance throughput being of critical importance in both cases.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330670805
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gestaltung destillativer Trennungen unter Einbeziehung thermodynamischer Gesichtspunkte (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 61 (1989), S. 16-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Design of distillative separation with due consideration of thermodynamic aspects. This article presents a method for development of advantageous distillative separation equipment by starting from the ideal case of a thermodynamically loss free separation and applying simplifications. Process engineering boundary conditions can serve for clear divisions into individual areas. Possibilities of process integration by a direct thermal and mass linkage are indicated, and promising thermal networking measures are mentioned. The procedure is illustrated by examples.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330610105
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    K4Al2Nb11O20F - „missing link“ der ClusterkondensationProfessor Reginald Gruehn zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 101 (1989), S. 1695-1696 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19891011210
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kondensierte RuSn6-Oktaeder in Ru3Sn15O14Wir danken den Herren Professoren P. Böttcher und H. G. von Schnering für hilfreiche Diskussionen sowie der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft und der Volkswagen-Stiftung für finanzielle Unterstützung. (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 107 (1995), S. 2307-2309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Cluster ; Festkörperstrukturen ; Rutheniumverbindungen ; Zinnverbindungen ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19951071917
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of β-Li3TiF6 = Li2[4]Li7[6](TiF6)(TiF6)2 - a double fluoride?Professor Hans Georg von Schnering zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 1329-1334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: β-Li3TiF6 ; crystal structure ; band structure ; Jahn Teller effect ; magnetism ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Darstellung, Kristallstruktur und magnetische Eigenschaften von β-Li3TiF6 = Li2[4]Li7[6](TiF6)(TiF6)2 - ein Doppelfluorid?Purpurfarbene Einkristalle von β-Li3TiF6 wurden durch Erhitzen eines Gemenges von LiF und TiF3 (3 : 1) bei 820°C unter Argon erhalten. β-Li3TiF6 kristallisiert in C2/c mit a = 14.452(2) Å, b = 8.798(1) Å, c = 10.113(1) Å und β = 96.30(1)º. Die Struktur ist isotyp mit β-Li3VF6 und enthält isolierte gestauchte TiF6-Oktaeder (dTi-F = 1.91-2.01 Å). Die magnetischen Eigenschaften von β-Li3TiF6 untersucht und diskutiert. Die Bindungsverhältnisse werden anhand von Bandstruktur Rechnungen und Berechnungen des Madelunganteils der Gitterenergie, MAPLE, diskutiert.
    Notes: Purple colored single crystals of the β-modification of Li3TiF6 have been prepared by heating an appropriate mixture of LiF and TiF3 at 820°C under an argon atmosphere. β-Li3TiF6 crystallizes in C2/c with a = 14.452(2) Å, b = 8.798(1) Å, c = 10.113(1) Å and β = 96.30(1)º. The structure is isotypic to β-Li3VF6 and contains isolated compressed TiF6 octahedra (dTi-F = 1.91-2.01 Å). Magnetic properties of β-Li3TiF6 were studied and discussed. Band structure calculations and calculations of the Madelung part of the lattice energy, MAPLE, were performed to discuss the chemical bonding.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19966220810
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Systems engineering approach for chemical process energy optimizationLecture presented by J. Koehler at the Eurotherm-Seminar “Exergoeconomical Analysis and Optimization in Chemical Engineering”, 17-18. July 1995 in Aachen, Germany (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 19 (1996), S. 154-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Process energy integration and continuous improvement of process technology are everlasting issues to ensure profitability of chemical productions. And both objectives become increasingly important due to long-term environmental effects of energy degradation, such as resource depletion, emissions and the release of “waste” heat. The key success factor for process improvement lies in combining up-to-date expertise from different areas in an overall approach. One such approach is the systems engineering concept. It helps to structure and to organize problem-solving process. We strongly believe that the increasing complexity of large and interlinked chemical production system and the tightening of global economic pressure force us to use more than ever systematic analysis and design methods to guarantee optimality throughout the entire product life. First we present a brief introduction to systems engineering in general. Then, in the main part of the paper, we give examples for optimizing the use of energy in chemical plants in order to illustrate advantages of the systems engineering concept. The examples range from improving the performance of individual pieces of equipment over changes in the process structure up to optimizing process clusters.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270190209
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